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vaccine train user immune system to create antibodies, just as it when it is exposed to a disease. However, because vaccine contain only killed or weakened forms of germs like viruses or bacteria, they do not cause the disease or put you at the risk of complications. vaccine is a biological preparation that improve immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contain an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbes.

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NEW GENERATION VACCINE Department of Zoology Course Name: Bioinformatics Submitted to: Sir Salman Saeed Submitted by: Iqra Khaliq Iffat batool & Warisha yaseen BS- Zoology 8th University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal
Contents 2 Define Problem with Conventional vaccine DNA Vaccine Peptide Vaccine New Generation Vaccine History Conventional vaccine Recombinant Vaccine Role of Bioinformatics in New Generation Vaccine
Define Vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contain a agent that resembles a disease causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulate the body immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that is may encounter in the future. 3
History Of Vaccine Edward Jenner conduct experiment in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for the prevention of smallpox. A vaccine for RABIES is developed by Louis Pasture. Vaccine for Colera and Tyohoid were developed in 1896 and Plage vaccine in 1887. The first Diphtheria vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMILADOLPH BEHRING, WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK. The whole cell Pertusis vaccine are developed in1914. A Tetanus vaccine is developed in 1927. 4
CONVENTIONAL VACCINE These are made up of complete virus or bacteria. These are also new knows as first generation vaccine. 5
Types of Conventional Vaccine 1. Attenuated vaccines- these live attenuated vaccine contain the major type of pathogens, which have all the immunogenic features and attenuated on laboratory conditions. These vaccine give long term safety and also no need of booster dose. E.g. Vaccine for mumps, measles, rubella, influenza, yellow fever, hepatitis A. 2. INACTIVATED Vaccine- These vaccines involve usage of inactivated or killed pathogens. However there are some concern, such as return of virulence, characteristics of pathogens, which lead host disease and because of non-proliferation pathogens clear rapidly from body, which could decrease the efficiency and effectiveness of vaccine. E.g. Vaccine for cholera etc. 6
PROBLEM WITH CONVENTIONAL VACCINES There are possibilities of reversion of the virulence of live vaccine and failure of inactivation of inactivated vaccines. Some conventional vaccine produce secondary effects. Conventional vaccine need to be kept refrigerator during their storage and shipment. It has not been possible, using conventional techniques, to develop vaccines against all the porcine diseases. Conventional vaccine do not allow the differentiation between vaccinated animals and sick or carrier animals. 7
NEW GENERATION VACCINES- New generation vaccine contain the protein of the infectious agent that are able to induce an immune response in a similar way to that produce by the whole agent. Secondly, identification of those proteins that are not immunogenic, do not have a role in replication, or that related to virulence; thus these proteins are not necessary. Using genetic engineering, the gene code for these proteins can be selected, cloned and expressed using different vectors; they can also be eliminated by selective deletion. A variation of this system is the chemical production of tr selected proteins once they have been identified. 8
TYPES OF NEW GENERATION VACCINES- RECOMBINANT VACCINE DNA VACCINE PEPTIDE BASED VACCINE 9
1. RECOMBINANT VACCINE- This technique is based on the production of proteins from an infectious agent without using the microorganisms. Using genetic engineering techniques, DNA is fragmented expressed in vitro in different vectors. Thus, large quantities of a protein are produced. This can be used as a subunit vaccine. 10
TYPES OF RECOMBINANT VACCINE- 1.Subunit vaccine- Vaccine that use only part of the disease causing agent which is responsible for creating disease. The part responsible for creating disease is a protein, which we call the antigen. Subunit vaccine contain from 1 to 20 antigens, that are either taken directly from virus or grown in the lab sing the virus DNA. EXAMPLE; hepatitis virus B vaccine. Advantages- 1.Subunit vaccine can be given to people with weakened immune system. 2.These vaccines appear to give long-lived Immunity. 3.Since only parts of the virus are used for these vaccines, the risks of reactions are very low. 11
2. Attenuated recombinant vaccines- It is now possible genetically engineer the organisms and use them as live vaccines, and such vaccines are referred to as attenuated recombinant vaccines. The genetic manipulations for the production of these vaccine are broadly of two types: 1.Deletion or modification of virulence genes of pathogenic organisms. 2.Genetic manipulation of non-pathogenic organisms to carry and express antigens determinants from pathogenic organisms. The advantages with attenuated vaccine is that the native conformation of the immunogenic determinants is preserved; hence the immune response is substantially high. 12
3. Vector recombinant vaccine- These are genetically modified viral vectors that can be used as vaccines against certain pathogens. The desired gene coding for target antigens of virulent pathogen is cloned into vector. Then vector is administered into person. Then vector slowly replicates inside the cell and serve as source of antigen. Vector refers to the virus or bacterium used as a carrier. Vector include vaccinia, polio, etc. 13
2. DNA VACCINES- DNA vaccine are the vaccine which contain DNA that code for specific proteins from a pathogen. DNA vaccine is a technique for protecting an organisms against disease by injecting with genetically engineered DNA to produce and immune logical response. Genetic material into a living host resulting in specific immune activation of the host against the gene delivery antigen. DNA vaccine in early development includes:TB, Ebola, malaria etc. Advantages- Very cheep to make. Easy transport and store. Can be made in short time spine. Disadvantages- Initial attempt to create DNA vaccine have not worked. No DNA vaccine has ben licensed for use in human yet 14
DNA vaccine uses only the DNA from infectious organisms. It avoid risk of using actual infectious organisms. Provide both humoral and cell mediated immunity. Refrigeration is not required. 15
3. PEPTIDE BASED VACCINE- Peptide-based vaccines are built of defined, small peptide antigens engineered to induce the desired immune response However, these peptide are poorly immunogenic and need to be delivered with additional immune-stimulating agent such as adjutants or particulate delivery system/carriers. They allow the immune response to focus solely on relevant epitopes, avoiding those that lead to nonprotective responses, immune evasion, or unwanted side effects, such as autoimmunity. The design of peptide-based vaccine take advantage of an emergent computational paradigm that couple immunoinformatic prediction technologies, the most fruitful has been data-driven prediction of T-cell epitopes. 16
The use of peptide vaccine for the treatment of cancer has expanded since one of the first studies used a MAGE-1 peptide for treatment of melanoma. 17 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
Role of Bioinformatics in next Generation Vaccine Bioinformatics plays a critical role in the development of next- generation vaccines. Next-generation vaccines are a new class of vaccines that leverage cutting-edge technologies and computational methods to improve their design, development, and effectiveness. Bioinformatics, as a multidisciplinary field that combines biology, computer science, and statistics, is essential in various aspects of the vaccine development process. Here are some key ways bioinformatics contributes to next- generation vaccine development: 18
Continue... .Genomic Data Analysis: Bioinformatics allows researchers to analyse vast amounts of genomic data from pathogens. By studying the genetic makeup of viruses and bacteria, scientists can identify potential vaccine targets, such as specific antigens or conserved regions that are essential for pathogen function and survival Epitope Prediction Using computational methods, bioinformatics can predict potential antigenic regions or epitopes on the pathogen's surface that can trigger an immunogenic and relevant targets for vaccine development. 19
Continue.. Reverse Vaccinology: Bioinformatics has enabled the concept of reverse vaccinology, where researchers use computational analysis to screen entire pathogen genomes to identify potential vaccine candidates. This approach has been successful in accelerating vaccine development for several pathogens. Vaccine Antigen Design: Bioinformatics helps in designing optimal vaccine antigens by considering factors such as antigen stability, immunogenicity, and safety. It aids in modifying antigens to enhance their efficacy and antigen presentation to the immune system. 20
Continue... Immunoinformatic:: Immunoinformatic is a subfield of bioinformatics that focuses on understanding the immune system's response to pathogens and vaccines. Computational models are used to simulate and predict immune responses to vaccine candidates, assisting in vaccine design and evaluation. Vaccine Adjuvant Prediction: Bioinformatics helps in predicting and designing suitable adjuvants to enhance the immune response elicited by the vaccine antigens. Adjuvants are substances that enhance the immune system's response to the vaccine. 21
Continue... Systems Biology and Omics Approaches: Bioinformatics integrates various omics data, such as genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the host- pathogen interactions and immune responses, leading to the identification of potential vaccine targets .Vaccine Surveillance: Bioinformatics tools are used in monitoring vaccine-preventable diseases, tracking viral mutations, and assessing vaccine efficacy against emerging variants. This surveillance helps in adapting and optimizing next-generation vaccines to stay ahead of evolving pathogens. 22
CONCLUSION Vaccine are valuable and specialized product, of great diversity have already achieved great success in controlling many diseases of economics importance in farm and companion animals. 23
REFERENCES https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/next-generation- covid-19-vaccines https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mco2.138 https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-0357-2 24
Thank you 25

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new generation vaccine.pptx

  • 1. NEW GENERATION VACCINE Department of Zoology Course Name: Bioinformatics Submitted to: Sir Salman Saeed Submitted by: Iqra Khaliq Iffat batool & Warisha yaseen BS- Zoology 8th University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal
  • 2. Contents 2 Define Problem with Conventional vaccine DNA Vaccine Peptide Vaccine New Generation Vaccine History Conventional vaccine Recombinant Vaccine Role of Bioinformatics in New Generation Vaccine
  • 3. Define Vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contain a agent that resembles a disease causing microorganisms and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulate the body immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that is may encounter in the future. 3
  • 4. History Of Vaccine Edward Jenner conduct experiment in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for the prevention of smallpox. A vaccine for RABIES is developed by Louis Pasture. Vaccine for Colera and Tyohoid were developed in 1896 and Plage vaccine in 1887. The first Diphtheria vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMILADOLPH BEHRING, WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK. The whole cell Pertusis vaccine are developed in1914. A Tetanus vaccine is developed in 1927. 4
  • 5. CONVENTIONAL VACCINE These are made up of complete virus or bacteria. These are also new knows as first generation vaccine. 5
  • 6. Types of Conventional Vaccine 1. Attenuated vaccines- these live attenuated vaccine contain the major type of pathogens, which have all the immunogenic features and attenuated on laboratory conditions. These vaccine give long term safety and also no need of booster dose. E.g. Vaccine for mumps, measles, rubella, influenza, yellow fever, hepatitis A. 2. INACTIVATED Vaccine- These vaccines involve usage of inactivated or killed pathogens. However there are some concern, such as return of virulence, characteristics of pathogens, which lead host disease and because of non-proliferation pathogens clear rapidly from body, which could decrease the efficiency and effectiveness of vaccine. E.g. Vaccine for cholera etc. 6
  • 7. PROBLEM WITH CONVENTIONAL VACCINES There are possibilities of reversion of the virulence of live vaccine and failure of inactivation of inactivated vaccines. Some conventional vaccine produce secondary effects. Conventional vaccine need to be kept refrigerator during their storage and shipment. It has not been possible, using conventional techniques, to develop vaccines against all the porcine diseases. Conventional vaccine do not allow the differentiation between vaccinated animals and sick or carrier animals. 7
  • 8. NEW GENERATION VACCINES- New generation vaccine contain the protein of the infectious agent that are able to induce an immune response in a similar way to that produce by the whole agent. Secondly, identification of those proteins that are not immunogenic, do not have a role in replication, or that related to virulence; thus these proteins are not necessary. Using genetic engineering, the gene code for these proteins can be selected, cloned and expressed using different vectors; they can also be eliminated by selective deletion. A variation of this system is the chemical production of tr selected proteins once they have been identified. 8
  • 9. TYPES OF NEW GENERATION VACCINES- RECOMBINANT VACCINE DNA VACCINE PEPTIDE BASED VACCINE 9
  • 10. 1. RECOMBINANT VACCINE- This technique is based on the production of proteins from an infectious agent without using the microorganisms. Using genetic engineering techniques, DNA is fragmented expressed in vitro in different vectors. Thus, large quantities of a protein are produced. This can be used as a subunit vaccine. 10
  • 11. TYPES OF RECOMBINANT VACCINE- 1.Subunit vaccine- Vaccine that use only part of the disease causing agent which is responsible for creating disease. The part responsible for creating disease is a protein, which we call the antigen. Subunit vaccine contain from 1 to 20 antigens, that are either taken directly from virus or grown in the lab sing the virus DNA. EXAMPLE; hepatitis virus B vaccine. Advantages- 1.Subunit vaccine can be given to people with weakened immune system. 2.These vaccines appear to give long-lived Immunity. 3.Since only parts of the virus are used for these vaccines, the risks of reactions are very low. 11
  • 12. 2. Attenuated recombinant vaccines- It is now possible genetically engineer the organisms and use them as live vaccines, and such vaccines are referred to as attenuated recombinant vaccines. The genetic manipulations for the production of these vaccine are broadly of two types: 1.Deletion or modification of virulence genes of pathogenic organisms. 2.Genetic manipulation of non-pathogenic organisms to carry and express antigens determinants from pathogenic organisms. The advantages with attenuated vaccine is that the native conformation of the immunogenic determinants is preserved; hence the immune response is substantially high. 12
  • 13. 3. Vector recombinant vaccine- These are genetically modified viral vectors that can be used as vaccines against certain pathogens. The desired gene coding for target antigens of virulent pathogen is cloned into vector. Then vector is administered into person. Then vector slowly replicates inside the cell and serve as source of antigen. Vector refers to the virus or bacterium used as a carrier. Vector include vaccinia, polio, etc. 13
  • 14. 2. DNA VACCINES- DNA vaccine are the vaccine which contain DNA that code for specific proteins from a pathogen. DNA vaccine is a technique for protecting an organisms against disease by injecting with genetically engineered DNA to produce and immune logical response. Genetic material into a living host resulting in specific immune activation of the host against the gene delivery antigen. DNA vaccine in early development includes:TB, Ebola, malaria etc. Advantages- Very cheep to make. Easy transport and store. Can be made in short time spine. Disadvantages- Initial attempt to create DNA vaccine have not worked. No DNA vaccine has ben licensed for use in human yet 14
  • 15. DNA vaccine uses only the DNA from infectious organisms. It avoid risk of using actual infectious organisms. Provide both humoral and cell mediated immunity. Refrigeration is not required. 15
  • 16. 3. PEPTIDE BASED VACCINE- Peptide-based vaccines are built of defined, small peptide antigens engineered to induce the desired immune response However, these peptide are poorly immunogenic and need to be delivered with additional immune-stimulating agent such as adjutants or particulate delivery system/carriers. They allow the immune response to focus solely on relevant epitopes, avoiding those that lead to nonprotective responses, immune evasion, or unwanted side effects, such as autoimmunity. The design of peptide-based vaccine take advantage of an emergent computational paradigm that couple immunoinformatic prediction technologies, the most fruitful has been data-driven prediction of T-cell epitopes. 16
  • 17. The use of peptide vaccine for the treatment of cancer has expanded since one of the first studies used a MAGE-1 peptide for treatment of melanoma. 17 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
  • 18. Role of Bioinformatics in next Generation Vaccine Bioinformatics plays a critical role in the development of next- generation vaccines. Next-generation vaccines are a new class of vaccines that leverage cutting-edge technologies and computational methods to improve their design, development, and effectiveness. Bioinformatics, as a multidisciplinary field that combines biology, computer science, and statistics, is essential in various aspects of the vaccine development process. Here are some key ways bioinformatics contributes to next- generation vaccine development: 18
  • 19. Continue... .Genomic Data Analysis: Bioinformatics allows researchers to analyse vast amounts of genomic data from pathogens. By studying the genetic makeup of viruses and bacteria, scientists can identify potential vaccine targets, such as specific antigens or conserved regions that are essential for pathogen function and survival Epitope Prediction Using computational methods, bioinformatics can predict potential antigenic regions or epitopes on the pathogen's surface that can trigger an immunogenic and relevant targets for vaccine development. 19
  • 20. Continue.. Reverse Vaccinology: Bioinformatics has enabled the concept of reverse vaccinology, where researchers use computational analysis to screen entire pathogen genomes to identify potential vaccine candidates. This approach has been successful in accelerating vaccine development for several pathogens. Vaccine Antigen Design: Bioinformatics helps in designing optimal vaccine antigens by considering factors such as antigen stability, immunogenicity, and safety. It aids in modifying antigens to enhance their efficacy and antigen presentation to the immune system. 20
  • 21. Continue... Immunoinformatic:: Immunoinformatic is a subfield of bioinformatics that focuses on understanding the immune system's response to pathogens and vaccines. Computational models are used to simulate and predict immune responses to vaccine candidates, assisting in vaccine design and evaluation. Vaccine Adjuvant Prediction: Bioinformatics helps in predicting and designing suitable adjuvants to enhance the immune response elicited by the vaccine antigens. Adjuvants are substances that enhance the immune system's response to the vaccine. 21
  • 22. Continue... Systems Biology and Omics Approaches: Bioinformatics integrates various omics data, such as genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the host- pathogen interactions and immune responses, leading to the identification of potential vaccine targets .Vaccine Surveillance: Bioinformatics tools are used in monitoring vaccine-preventable diseases, tracking viral mutations, and assessing vaccine efficacy against emerging variants. This surveillance helps in adapting and optimizing next-generation vaccines to stay ahead of evolving pathogens. 22
  • 23. CONCLUSION Vaccine are valuable and specialized product, of great diversity have already achieved great success in controlling many diseases of economics importance in farm and companion animals. 23