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Q1. Which is a characteristic of qualitative research methods?
A) Naturalistic inquiry
B) Introduction of a treatment
C) Random sampling
D) Use of a control group

CONCEPT QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
General Framework  Seek to confirm hypothesis
 Positivist Paradigm
 Seek to explore
phenomena
 Naturalistic Paradigm
Objective  To predict and control  To understand (what, how,
& why)
Tools  Highly structured methods:
questionnaires, surveys and
structured observation.
 Semi-structured method:
in-depth interviews, focus
groups, and participant
observation.
Design  Rigid Design
 Controlled and
Experimental
 Emergent Design

Q2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of qualitative
research?
A) Seek to explore phenomena
B) Use semi-structured methods
C) Emergent design
D) Positivist paradigm
Quantitative research paradigms are based on the
philosophy that every phenomenon in the world can
only be explained by positivist paradigm. They believe
that there is only one truth and explanation of a
phenomenon that can be reached using empirical
methods and quantitative methodologies.

POSITIVIST CONCEPT NATURALIST
Reality exist: there is a real
world driven by real natural
causes.
The Nature of Reality Reality is multiple, subjective
and mentally constructed by
individuals.
Independent from those being
researched
Researcher Interacts with those being
researched and findings are
creation of the interaction.

Q3. Emic perspective' refers to:
A) Insider's view
B) Holistic view
C) Outsider's view
B) Etic perspective
Emic Perspective can be defined as the perspective in
which the researcher gains the insider’s point of view.
Etic perspective: the researcher looks at the research field
objectively from a distance.
Studies done from an emic perspective
often include more detailed and culturally
rich information than studies done from
an etic point of view.
-etic

Q4. What type of hypothesis is the following?
"Normal saline flush with heparin is more effective than normal saline
flush alone in maintaining patency of an intermittent intravenous site.“
A) Simple, research
B) Complex, nondirectional
C) Complex, causal
D) Simple, directional
Simple: single independent variable
Complex: multiple independent or dependent variables
Directional: specifies the expected direction of the relationship
between the variables.
Non-directional: doesn’t specify the relationship between variables

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
SIMPLE
(single independent
variable)
COMPLEX
(multiple independent or
dependent variables)
DIRECTIONAL
(specify the rtp between the
variables)
NON-
DIRECTIONAL
(doesn’t specify the rtp
between the variables

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
NULL HYPOTHESIS
There is NO rtp between the variables.

Q5. A nurse who reads research articles and incorporates research findings into
nursing practice would demonstrate which of the following research roles?
A) Consumer
B) Primary investigator
C) Collaborator
D) Producer -researchers, authors and coauthors of papers,

Q6. Which of the following is not a null hypothesis?
A) There is no relationship between the level of knowledge and
practice of prevention of needle prick injuries
B) There is no relationship between the practice of prevention of
needle prick injuries and the sociodemographic profile of staff nurses
C) There is a significant relationship between the knowledge and
sociodemographic profile of staff nurses
D) All of the above.
The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between the measured
phenomenon (the dependent variable) and the independent variable. You do
not need to believe that the null hypothesis is true to test it. On the contrary,
you will likely suspect that there is a relationship between a set of variables.

Q7. Upon gathering the data, which of the following can describe
the most number of reasons for leave of absence?
A) Median
B) Mode
C) Mean
D) Deviance
A mode is defined as the value that has a higher
frequency in a given set of values. It is the value
that appears the most number of times.
-the average or ratio of sum of all the observations and
total number of observations in a data set

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
MEAN MEDIAN MODE
Mean is nothing but the
average of the given set of
values.
The middle value in the data
set is called Median.
The number that occurs the
most in a given list of numbers
the sum of the values divided
by the number of values
Place all the given numbers in
an ascending order
It shows the frequency of
occurrence.
To find the average of the four
numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, we need to add
the number first.
2 + 4 + 6+ 8 = 20
Divide the sum by the total number
of numbers, i. e 4.
20/4 = 5 is the average or mean
If the given list is 4, 2, 8, 10, 19.
Arrange the numbers in ascending
order i .e 2, 4, 8, 10, 19.
As the total numbers are 5, so the
middle number 8 is the median here.
In the given series
3,3,5,6,7,7,8,1,1,1,4,5,6
Find the frequency of each number.
For number 3 it’s 2, for 5 it’s 2, for 6
it’s 2, for 7 it’s 2, for 8 it’s one, for 1
it’s 3, for 4 it’s 1.
The number with the highest
frequency is the mode.

Q8. If you want to know the average age of the nursing students
who has the most number of leave of absence you will need:
A) Median
B) Mode
C) Mean
D) Deviance
Mean – The point on the scale that is equal to the
sum of scores divided by the number of scores.

Q9. After all the data presented, what part of descriptive statistics
will you use in order to place a systematic arrangement of
numerical values from lowest to highest?
A) Deviance
B) Central Tendency
C) Mode
D) Frequency Distribution
Frequency Distribution – Deviance shows how to
disperse a group of samples can from the middle
value. Central tendency shows how clustered groups
can be in a middle value; mode is an example of
central tendency

CENTRAL TENDENCY STANDARD DEVIANCE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Statistical measure that
identifies a single value as
representative of an entire
distribution.
A standard deviation (or σ) is a
measure of how dispersed the
data is in relation to the mean.
a graph or data set organized to
represent the frequency of
occurrence of each possible
outcome of an event that is
observed a specific number of
times.
Mean, Median, Mode

Q10. Which of the following types of research involve at least
some control by the researcher to implement the study
treatment?
A) Correlational
B) Descriptive
C) Quasi experimental
D) Experimental
True Experiment Quasi-Experiment
Random assignment No random assignment
Controlled by
researcher
Not controlled by
researcher
Stronger than quasi-
experiemental
Practical

CHARACTERISTIC OF TRUE EXPERIMENT
(or RCT – RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL)
Manipulation
(aka intervention)
The experimenter does
something to the participants.
Manipulating the independent
variable.
Control
Participant that doesn’t receive
intervention. (Opposite of
experimental group)
Randomization
The experimenter assigns
participants to control or
experimental group in a random
basis.

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
Manipulation
(aka intervention)
The experimenter does
something to the participants.
Manipulating the independent
variable.
Control
Participant that doesn’t receive
intervention. (Opposite of
experimental group)
NO
Randomization

Q11. A researcher investigates the effect of frequency of
position change on healing of decubitus ulcers. The study
would be described as:
A) applied research.
B) basic research.
C) descriptive research.
D) phenomenological research.
Basic Research Applied Research
Experimental or theoretical
work undertaken primarily
to acquire new knowledge.
Non-systematic process of
providing solutions to the
specific problems or issues.
Findings usually have a
future use, not current use
(unlike applied research).
e.g., treatments for
problems, or improving
something.

Q12. Sampling in research may be defined as:
a. insurance that each person has a chance of being included in the
study.
b. establishment of criteria for eligibility to participate in a study.
c. identification of the population in which the researcher is
interested.
d. selection of a subset of a population to represent the whole
population
Sampling involves selecting a group of people,
events, behaviors, or other elements with which
to conduct a study. Samples are expected to
represent a population of people.

Q13. A researcher is interested in studying lifestyle management in
patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The researcher contacts
the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America to determine how to
best access this patient population. Patients with inflammatory bowel
disease are an example of which of the following?
A) Accessible population
B) Element
C) Sample
D) Target population
The target population is the entire set
of individuals who meet the sampling
criteria.

SAMPLING METHOD
Probability Sampling Non-probability Sampling
Involves random selection of samples
from population.
Researcher selects samples based on the
subjective judgements rather than random
selection.
Samples have equal chance/probability of
being selected
The selected samples have unknown
probability of being selected.
Examples:
 Simple Random Sampling
 Stratified Random Sampling
 Systematic Sampling
Examples:
 Convenience Sampling
 Quota Sampling
 Purposive Sampling
 Consecutive Sampling

Q14. "Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing
surgical patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than
structured postoperative support.“
"Perception of pain" is the:
A) independent variable
B) dependent variable
C) attribute variable
D) extraneous variable
“Type of support” is the Independent variable

Q15. Identify the independent variable and the dependent
variable: The use of cathode ray terminals (CRTs)
increases the incidence of birth defects.
“Independent: The use of cathode ray terminals
(CRTs)
Dependent: The incidence of birth defects

Compliance
Convenience Comfort

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