Optical coherence tomography angiography optovue a very basic lecture detailing the new advancement of dyeless angiography by spectral domain OCT system and SSADA and Motion correction algorithm
OCT angiography allows visualization of the retinal and choroidal vasculature without dye injection. It uses amplitude decorrelation and phase variance techniques to detect blood flow. The retina and choroid can be segmented into different en face slabs. The superficial, deep, and outer retinal plexuses as well as the choriocapillaris can be visualized. OCTA is useful for diagnosing wet AMD by detecting type 1 CNV beneath the RPE that may not be clearly seen on FA. It can help classify CNV shape and branching patterns. Motion artifacts and projection artifacts can occur but many devices have correction software.
OCT-Angiography is a non-invasive imaging method that uses light to visualize the retinal and choroidal vasculature in 3D without dye injection. It works by detecting the movement of red blood cells on sequential OCT scans to identify blood vessels. The document describes the technical aspects and clinical applications of several commercial OCT-Angiography systems.
This document summarizes information about different gauge vitrectomy systems including 20 gauge, 23 gauge, and 25 gauge. It provides details on the instrumentation, techniques, advantages and disadvantages of each system as well as indications for microincision vitrectomy surgery. Key points include that 23 gauge combines benefits of 20 and 25 gauge, has better flow rates and maneuverability than 25 gauge, and is considered a potential future gold standard. Smaller gauge systems allow for reduced trauma, faster recovery, and greater flexibility for complex procedures.
Update knowledge about Muntifocal IOL made by Asaduzzaman
Working as Associate Optometrist in Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute &Hospita, Dhaka 1215
Email:asad.optom92@yaho. com
Optical coherence tomography in glaucoma - Dr Shylesh DabkeShylesh Dabke
油
This document discusses optical coherence tomography (OCT) in evaluating glaucoma. It begins by outlining the importance of early glaucoma detection to prevent vision loss. OCT is described as the most appropriate technology for detecting glaucoma as it can assess retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness before visual field or optic disc changes occur. RNFL thinning is an early sign of glaucoma. The document then provides details on OCT technology and analysis of RNFL thickness, optic nerve head, and macula to diagnose and monitor glaucoma. RNFL analysis, especially of the inferior quadrant, is highlighted as the most useful OCT assessment for detecting early glaucoma.
This document discusses various imaging techniques used to evaluate glaucoma, including OCT, HRT, and GDx. OCT uses interferometry to measure retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. HRT uses confocal laser scanning to create 3D images of the optic nerve and measure disc parameters. GDx uses scanning laser polarimetry to measure retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and detect glaucomatous damage through thickness maps, deviation maps, and TSNIT plots compared to normative data. Together these quantitative imaging techniques provide objective assessment to aid in glaucoma diagnosis and detection of progression.
Scleral buckling for rhegmatogenous retinal detachmentreboca smith
油
Scleral buckling surgery involves suturing a silicone implant or explant to the outer layer of the eye (sclera) to push the retina back into contact with the retinal pigment epithelium. This is done by creating an inward indentation of the sclera. The implant seals retinal breaks by approximating the retina and RPE over the buckle. Key steps include identifying retinal breaks, treating the breaks with cryotherapy or laser, placing scleral sutures, and sometimes draining subretinal fluid. The goal is to close breaks and reduce traction on the retina to allow it to reattach.
1. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) uses light interferometry to perform high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging of the retina. It provides quantitative measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness.
2. OCT images are analyzed to detect structural changes in the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer that can indicate glaucoma, often before visual field defects appear. Parameters like retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, cup-to-disc ratio, and nerve fiber layer deviation maps are used to diagnose and monitor glaucoma progression.
3. Macular ganglion cell complex thickness, which includes the retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer, can also detect early glaucomatous loss
Choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM)Md Riyaj Ali
油
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) involves the abnormal growth of new blood vessels from the choroid layer of the eye through Bruch's membrane. This can cause vision loss and is a common cause of wet macular degeneration. CNV occurs due to alterations in Bruch's membrane and high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. It is classified based on its location relative to the retinal pigment epithelium and fovea. Symptoms include sudden vision loss and visual distortions. CNV is diagnosed through imaging like optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography and treated with injections of anti-VEGF drugs to inhibit blood vessel growth.
This document provides information on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment including:
- The pathogenesis which involves vitreoretinal traction from liquefaction of the vitreous gel creating a hole that allows fluid into the subretinal space.
- Symptoms include photopsia, floaters, and visual field defects.
- Signs include Marcus Gunn pupil, low intraocular pressure, retinal breaks, and mild iritis.
- Treatment options depend on factors like location and size of retinal break, state of vitreous gel, and include laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, scleral buckling, pneumatic retinopexy, and drainage of subretinal fluid in
Pigment dispersion syndrome is characterized by the dispersion of pigment granules from the iris pigment epithelium throughout the anterior segment of the eye. This can lead to elevated intraocular pressure and pigmentary glaucoma. It typically affects young, myopic white males and is caused by rubbing of the iris pigment epithelium against the lens zonules due to posterior bowing of the peripheral iris. Diagnosis is based on finding the classic triad of Krukenberg spindle on the cornea, midperipheral iris transillumination defects, and dense trabecular pigmentation on gonioscopy.
This document discusses the corneal endothelium and techniques for assessing its health and function. The corneal endothelium is a single layer of hexagonal cells that maintains corneal clarity by pumping fluid out of the stroma. Assessment techniques described include specular microscopy, which allows analysis of endothelial cell density, morphology, and patterns under high magnification; confocal microscopy; anterior segment OCT; and ultrasound pachymetry to measure corneal thickness as an indicator of endothelial function. Common indications for assessment include pre- and post-operative evaluation, and evaluation of donor corneas for transplantation.
This document discusses new drugs and therapies for glaucoma that are currently in development. It outlines several novel drug targets and mechanisms of action that are being investigated, including ROCK inhibitors, adenosine receptor agonists, BkCa channel modulators, siRNAs, cannabinoids, and local calcium channel blockers. It also discusses neuroprotective strategies such as antioxidants, memantine, neurotrophic growth factors, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy that aim to prevent further neural damage in glaucoma. Overall, the document provides an overview of the many innovative approaches that are being researched to better treat glaucoma beyond current first-line therapies.
Vitreous substitutes are substances used during vitreoretinal surgery to re-establish intraocular volume, assist with separating membranes from the retina, and manipulate and flatten detached retina. They are also used postoperatively as long-term tamponading agents to maintain the retina in apposition. Common vitreous substitutes used include balanced salt solution, air, viscoelastic fluids, silicone liquid, and perfluorocarbon liquids. Gases such as air, SF6, and C3F8 are employed during retinal detachment surgery to provide internal tamponade and are chosen based on their duration, expansion properties, and buoyancy effects. Complications can include increased intraocular pressure, lens opac
This document provides an overview of vitrectomy principles and techniques. It discusses the history and evolution of vitrectomy surgery. It covers surgical anatomy, the main aims of vitrectomy, components of vitrectomy machines and their functions. It describes techniques for sclerotomies, vitreous cutters, infusion cannulas and viewing systems. It outlines the basic steps of a closed vitrectomy procedure and discusses adjunctive procedures like air-fluid exchange and use of perfluorocarbon liquids, silicone oil and gases. Recent advances discussed include 25-gauge vitrectomy and endoscope-assisted surgery.
This document discusses the use of lasers in the treatment of glaucoma. It begins by introducing different types of lasers used, including Nd:YAG lasers. It then covers specific laser procedures for glaucoma such as laser iridotomy to relieve pupillary block, laser iridoplasty to modify the iris, and laser trabeculoplasty to increase outflow. It compares argon laser trabeculoplasty to selective laser trabeculoplasty. The document also discusses laser techniques for angle closure glaucoma, post-operative treatment, and cyclophotocoagulation to reduce aqueous production. Throughout, it provides details on laser parameters and outcomes of these procedures.
This document discusses the use of bandage contact lenses after refractive surgery procedures like LASIK and PRK. It describes how bandage contact lenses can help reduce pain, promote healing of the epithelium, and prevent complications like striae or epithelial in-growth after surgery. Different types of bandage contact lens materials are reviewed, including hydrogels, silicone hydrogels, collagen shields, and scleral lenses. Factors like oxygen transmissibility, diameter, and disposable versus reusable lenses are discussed when selecting a bandage contact lens. Potential complications are also mentioned.
This document summarizes several landmark clinical trials related to diabetic retinopathy. It discusses trials evaluating metabolic control like the DCCT and UKPDS, laser photocoagulation trials like DRS and ETDRS, vitrectomy trials like DRVS, and recent anti-VEGF trials. It also summarizes protocols from the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network evaluating treatments for diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Femtosecond lasers can be used to assist with cataract surgery by performing three key steps: creating a precise capsulotomy, fragmenting the lens, and making incisions. The laser uses ultrashort pulses to precisely cut tissue with minimal collateral damage. During femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS), the laser performs several pre-operative steps, then the surgeon completes phacoemulsification and lens implantation manually. Potential advantages include more reproducible incisions and capsulotomies, decreased ultrasound energy, and reduced stress on zonules, but the procedure takes more time and has a higher cost than conventional cataract surgery.
This document discusses using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to analyze the macula, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and optic nerve head in patients with glaucoma or suspected glaucoma. It describes how OCT can measure macular thickness, RNFL thickness, and optic disc parameters. Five case studies are presented showing how structural changes seen on OCT correlate with functional defects on visual field tests or clinical findings. The document concludes by mentioning Doppler OCT may help understand the role of blood flow in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.
This document summarizes the history and pathogenesis of pathological myopia. It discusses definitions of pathological myopia and classifications of myopia by degree, age of onset, and other factors. Risk factors for pathological myopia include race, age, gender, education level and familial inheritance. Complications include peripheral retinal degenerations which can lead to retinal detachment, myopic foveoschisis, macular holes, lacquer cracks, and choroidal neovascularization. Surgical treatments are discussed for various complications.
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a condition where one eye turns upward when the other eye fixes. It typically presents between ages 2-5 years and is often associated with infantile esotropia. DVD violates the rules of ocular motility as the deviating eye does not make a rapid movement to refixate. Measurement and tests like Bielschowsky's phenomenon and red glass testing help differentiate DVD from other vertical deviations. Treatment involves observation, encouraging bifixation, or surgery like superior rectus recession if the deviation is increasing. It is important to differentiate DVD from inferior oblique overaction.
This document discusses posterior capsule tears that can occur during cataract surgery. It covers the predisposing factors, mechanisms, identification, and management strategies for posterior capsule tears with or without vitreous loss. Key points include identifying tears early, stabilizing the anterior chamber with viscoelastic, deciding whether to continue phacoemulsification or convert to extracapsular extraction based on the situation, performing anterior vitrectomy when needed with caution to minimize further vitreous disturbance, and properly placing an IOL. The goal is to remove all lens material and prevent further complications while minimizing additional surgery.
The document summarizes several studies on angle recession glaucoma following blunt ocular trauma.
The first study found that ultrasound biomicroscopy is useful for detecting angle pathology when the media is hazy. Surgical treatment resulted in more stable and normal intraocular pressure compared to medical treatment alone.
The second study in Bangladesh found that conservative treatment controlled intraocular pressure in most cases, while a small percentage required surgery.
The third study found that trabeculectomy with antimetabolic drugs was most effective for uncontrolled angle recession glaucoma, but carried a higher risk of late bleb infection.
This document discusses target intraocular pressure (IOP) for treating glaucoma. It defines target IOP as the upper limit of IOP that prevents further glaucoma damage. Establishing an individualized target IOP is important to slow retinal ganglion cell loss and glaucoma progression over a patient's lifetime with minimal effects on quality of life. The target IOP should be based on factors like the amount of existing eye damage, maximum past IOP levels, life expectancy, and risk factors. The target is dynamic and must be reevaluated periodically, lowering it if damage progresses or raising it if side effects occur from low IOP. Clinical studies show that greater IOP reductions correlate with less glaucoma progression
It describes about the procedure of Hess charting. it serves as a great tool to understand the concepts involved. Suitable for optometry course. This is not a routine procedure but an important procedure which is used in diagnosis.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to capture high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT provides depth resolution on the scale of 10 microns, allowing it to visualize and measure individual layers of the retina. OCT can detect various retinal pathologies through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the pre-retinal, overall retinal, foveal, and macular profiles. It is useful for diagnosing conditions like macular edema, retinal detachments, and glaucoma.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to capture high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT provides depth resolution on the scale of 10 microns, allowing it to visualize and measure individual layers of the retina. OCT can detect various retinal pathologies and abnormalities through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the pre-retinal, overall retinal, foveal, and macular profiles.
Choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM)Md Riyaj Ali
油
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) involves the abnormal growth of new blood vessels from the choroid layer of the eye through Bruch's membrane. This can cause vision loss and is a common cause of wet macular degeneration. CNV occurs due to alterations in Bruch's membrane and high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. It is classified based on its location relative to the retinal pigment epithelium and fovea. Symptoms include sudden vision loss and visual distortions. CNV is diagnosed through imaging like optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography and treated with injections of anti-VEGF drugs to inhibit blood vessel growth.
This document provides information on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment including:
- The pathogenesis which involves vitreoretinal traction from liquefaction of the vitreous gel creating a hole that allows fluid into the subretinal space.
- Symptoms include photopsia, floaters, and visual field defects.
- Signs include Marcus Gunn pupil, low intraocular pressure, retinal breaks, and mild iritis.
- Treatment options depend on factors like location and size of retinal break, state of vitreous gel, and include laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, scleral buckling, pneumatic retinopexy, and drainage of subretinal fluid in
Pigment dispersion syndrome is characterized by the dispersion of pigment granules from the iris pigment epithelium throughout the anterior segment of the eye. This can lead to elevated intraocular pressure and pigmentary glaucoma. It typically affects young, myopic white males and is caused by rubbing of the iris pigment epithelium against the lens zonules due to posterior bowing of the peripheral iris. Diagnosis is based on finding the classic triad of Krukenberg spindle on the cornea, midperipheral iris transillumination defects, and dense trabecular pigmentation on gonioscopy.
This document discusses the corneal endothelium and techniques for assessing its health and function. The corneal endothelium is a single layer of hexagonal cells that maintains corneal clarity by pumping fluid out of the stroma. Assessment techniques described include specular microscopy, which allows analysis of endothelial cell density, morphology, and patterns under high magnification; confocal microscopy; anterior segment OCT; and ultrasound pachymetry to measure corneal thickness as an indicator of endothelial function. Common indications for assessment include pre- and post-operative evaluation, and evaluation of donor corneas for transplantation.
This document discusses new drugs and therapies for glaucoma that are currently in development. It outlines several novel drug targets and mechanisms of action that are being investigated, including ROCK inhibitors, adenosine receptor agonists, BkCa channel modulators, siRNAs, cannabinoids, and local calcium channel blockers. It also discusses neuroprotective strategies such as antioxidants, memantine, neurotrophic growth factors, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy that aim to prevent further neural damage in glaucoma. Overall, the document provides an overview of the many innovative approaches that are being researched to better treat glaucoma beyond current first-line therapies.
Vitreous substitutes are substances used during vitreoretinal surgery to re-establish intraocular volume, assist with separating membranes from the retina, and manipulate and flatten detached retina. They are also used postoperatively as long-term tamponading agents to maintain the retina in apposition. Common vitreous substitutes used include balanced salt solution, air, viscoelastic fluids, silicone liquid, and perfluorocarbon liquids. Gases such as air, SF6, and C3F8 are employed during retinal detachment surgery to provide internal tamponade and are chosen based on their duration, expansion properties, and buoyancy effects. Complications can include increased intraocular pressure, lens opac
This document provides an overview of vitrectomy principles and techniques. It discusses the history and evolution of vitrectomy surgery. It covers surgical anatomy, the main aims of vitrectomy, components of vitrectomy machines and their functions. It describes techniques for sclerotomies, vitreous cutters, infusion cannulas and viewing systems. It outlines the basic steps of a closed vitrectomy procedure and discusses adjunctive procedures like air-fluid exchange and use of perfluorocarbon liquids, silicone oil and gases. Recent advances discussed include 25-gauge vitrectomy and endoscope-assisted surgery.
This document discusses the use of lasers in the treatment of glaucoma. It begins by introducing different types of lasers used, including Nd:YAG lasers. It then covers specific laser procedures for glaucoma such as laser iridotomy to relieve pupillary block, laser iridoplasty to modify the iris, and laser trabeculoplasty to increase outflow. It compares argon laser trabeculoplasty to selective laser trabeculoplasty. The document also discusses laser techniques for angle closure glaucoma, post-operative treatment, and cyclophotocoagulation to reduce aqueous production. Throughout, it provides details on laser parameters and outcomes of these procedures.
This document discusses the use of bandage contact lenses after refractive surgery procedures like LASIK and PRK. It describes how bandage contact lenses can help reduce pain, promote healing of the epithelium, and prevent complications like striae or epithelial in-growth after surgery. Different types of bandage contact lens materials are reviewed, including hydrogels, silicone hydrogels, collagen shields, and scleral lenses. Factors like oxygen transmissibility, diameter, and disposable versus reusable lenses are discussed when selecting a bandage contact lens. Potential complications are also mentioned.
This document summarizes several landmark clinical trials related to diabetic retinopathy. It discusses trials evaluating metabolic control like the DCCT and UKPDS, laser photocoagulation trials like DRS and ETDRS, vitrectomy trials like DRVS, and recent anti-VEGF trials. It also summarizes protocols from the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network evaluating treatments for diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Femtosecond lasers can be used to assist with cataract surgery by performing three key steps: creating a precise capsulotomy, fragmenting the lens, and making incisions. The laser uses ultrashort pulses to precisely cut tissue with minimal collateral damage. During femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS), the laser performs several pre-operative steps, then the surgeon completes phacoemulsification and lens implantation manually. Potential advantages include more reproducible incisions and capsulotomies, decreased ultrasound energy, and reduced stress on zonules, but the procedure takes more time and has a higher cost than conventional cataract surgery.
This document discusses using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to analyze the macula, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and optic nerve head in patients with glaucoma or suspected glaucoma. It describes how OCT can measure macular thickness, RNFL thickness, and optic disc parameters. Five case studies are presented showing how structural changes seen on OCT correlate with functional defects on visual field tests or clinical findings. The document concludes by mentioning Doppler OCT may help understand the role of blood flow in glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.
This document summarizes the history and pathogenesis of pathological myopia. It discusses definitions of pathological myopia and classifications of myopia by degree, age of onset, and other factors. Risk factors for pathological myopia include race, age, gender, education level and familial inheritance. Complications include peripheral retinal degenerations which can lead to retinal detachment, myopic foveoschisis, macular holes, lacquer cracks, and choroidal neovascularization. Surgical treatments are discussed for various complications.
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a condition where one eye turns upward when the other eye fixes. It typically presents between ages 2-5 years and is often associated with infantile esotropia. DVD violates the rules of ocular motility as the deviating eye does not make a rapid movement to refixate. Measurement and tests like Bielschowsky's phenomenon and red glass testing help differentiate DVD from other vertical deviations. Treatment involves observation, encouraging bifixation, or surgery like superior rectus recession if the deviation is increasing. It is important to differentiate DVD from inferior oblique overaction.
This document discusses posterior capsule tears that can occur during cataract surgery. It covers the predisposing factors, mechanisms, identification, and management strategies for posterior capsule tears with or without vitreous loss. Key points include identifying tears early, stabilizing the anterior chamber with viscoelastic, deciding whether to continue phacoemulsification or convert to extracapsular extraction based on the situation, performing anterior vitrectomy when needed with caution to minimize further vitreous disturbance, and properly placing an IOL. The goal is to remove all lens material and prevent further complications while minimizing additional surgery.
The document summarizes several studies on angle recession glaucoma following blunt ocular trauma.
The first study found that ultrasound biomicroscopy is useful for detecting angle pathology when the media is hazy. Surgical treatment resulted in more stable and normal intraocular pressure compared to medical treatment alone.
The second study in Bangladesh found that conservative treatment controlled intraocular pressure in most cases, while a small percentage required surgery.
The third study found that trabeculectomy with antimetabolic drugs was most effective for uncontrolled angle recession glaucoma, but carried a higher risk of late bleb infection.
This document discusses target intraocular pressure (IOP) for treating glaucoma. It defines target IOP as the upper limit of IOP that prevents further glaucoma damage. Establishing an individualized target IOP is important to slow retinal ganglion cell loss and glaucoma progression over a patient's lifetime with minimal effects on quality of life. The target IOP should be based on factors like the amount of existing eye damage, maximum past IOP levels, life expectancy, and risk factors. The target is dynamic and must be reevaluated periodically, lowering it if damage progresses or raising it if side effects occur from low IOP. Clinical studies show that greater IOP reductions correlate with less glaucoma progression
It describes about the procedure of Hess charting. it serves as a great tool to understand the concepts involved. Suitable for optometry course. This is not a routine procedure but an important procedure which is used in diagnosis.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to capture high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT provides depth resolution on the scale of 10 microns, allowing it to visualize and measure individual layers of the retina. OCT can detect various retinal pathologies through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the pre-retinal, overall retinal, foveal, and macular profiles. It is useful for diagnosing conditions like macular edema, retinal detachments, and glaucoma.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to capture high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT provides depth resolution on the scale of 10 microns, allowing it to visualize and measure individual layers of the retina. OCT can detect various retinal pathologies and abnormalities through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the pre-retinal, overall retinal, foveal, and macular profiles.
Optical Coherence Tomography - principle and uses in ophthalmologytapan_jakkal
油
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to capture high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT provides depth resolution on the scale of 10 microns, allowing it to visualize detailed layers and structures within the retina. OCT can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the retina, detecting various pathological features and measuring retinal thickness. Anterior segment OCT also allows high-resolution imaging of the cornea, iris, angle, and anterior chamber.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that uses light waves to examine ocular structures with micrometer resolution. OCT works similarly to ultrasound but uses light instead of sound. By analyzing reflected light waves, an OCT can construct a depth profile of tissue structures. OCT provides high-resolution evaluation of retinal layers and pathology. It is useful for diagnosing and monitoring diseases like diabetic retinopathy. OCT imaging involves A-scans that are combined to form B-scans and 3D volumes. Spectral domain OCT has replaced time domain OCT due to improved sensitivity and speed. OCT is useful for classifying and monitoring diabetic macular edema and other retinal diseases.
This document provides information about optical coherence tomography (OCT), laser therapy for diabetic retinopathy, and vitrectomy. It defines OCT as a non-invasive imaging tool using light waves to produce cross-sectional images of the retina. Laser therapy for diabetic retinopathy aims to stimulate the RPE pump and inhibit VEGF release by applying focal or grid laser burns. Vitrectomy surgically removes the vitreous gel through a pars plana approach using small gauge instruments in order to treat various posterior segment conditions by releasing traction and inserting tamponades.
This document provides an overview of optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the retina. It describes how OCT works by measuring the delay of light reflected through tissue. OCT can visualize the intricate layers of the retina. The normal retinal architecture includes 10 layers from the nerve fiber layer to the retinal pigment epithelium. Common pathologies seen on OCT include epiretinal membranes, drusen, macular edema, hard exudates, macular holes, and vitreomacular traction. OCT is a useful tool for evaluating retinal disease.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is useful for imaging both the anterior and posterior segments in glaucoma. Posterior segment OCT allows quantification of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, optic nerve head parameters, and ganglion cell layer thickness. Changes in these measurements over time can help detect glaucomatous progression. Anterior segment OCT visualizes angle anatomy and structures after glaucoma surgery. OCT provides objective data but results must be interpreted carefully while considering limitations such as variability between devices and lack of representation in normative databases.
Optical Coherence Tomography(OCT) in posterior segment diseasesShagil Khan
油
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to generate high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina and optic nerve. It provides detailed visualization of retinal structures on a microscopic scale. OCT is useful for diagnosing and monitoring various posterior segment diseases. It allows differentiation between stages of macular hole, detection of epiretinal membranes, and identification of fluid associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Advances in spectral domain OCT technology have improved imaging speed and resolution, enabling clearer visualization of small retinal structures and layers.
Recent advances in OCT technology were discussed. New features of Cirrus HD-OCT include enhanced imaging capabilities like OCT angiography, improved anterior segment imaging, swept source technology, and enhanced visualization tools. Clinical cases were also presented to demonstrate the utility of these new technologies in evaluating and managing various retinal diseases.
Inferior posterior staphyloma: choroidal maps and macular complications Abdallah Ellabban
油
Eyes with inferior posterior staphyloma showed marked choroidal thinning along the superior border of the staphyloma. As patient age increased, choroidal thinning progressed in the entire macular area. Eyes with neovascular complications associated with the staphyloma had significantly reduced macular choroidal thickness compared to eyes without complications. Reduction of the choroidal thickness with age seemed to be involved in the development of neovascularization associated with inferior posterior staphyloma.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses infrared light to generate high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT operates similarly to ultrasound imaging except that it uses light instead of sound waves. The OCT scan provides qualitative and quantitative analysis of the retina by identifying layers and measuring thickness. It can detect various pathological structures and abnormalities and is useful for diagnosing and monitoring diseases like glaucoma. Anterior segment OCT also allows high-resolution imaging of the cornea and anterior chamber.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that examines living tissue using low coherence radiation. It provides high resolution cross-sectional images of the retina in real time. OCT allows for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of retinal thickness, volume, and nerve fiber layer thickness. Scans can be customized using different protocols like line, circle, or radial line scans to examine specific areas of interest like the macula or optic nerve.
This document discusses the management of adult cataract, including types of cataract surgery, pre-operative evaluation, and measurements of visual function. It describes extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) and intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE), and notes that ECCE has replaced ICCE due to improved technology. The pre-operative evaluation involves assessing general health, ocular history, medications, visual function tests, and external and internal eye examination. Measurements of visual function include visual acuity, brightness acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual field testing.
This document discusses the pre-operative evaluation and management of adult cataract patients. It covers types of cataract surgery, including ICCE and ECCE. The pre-operative evaluation involves assessing general health, medical history, ocular history, visual function testing, and external and internal eye examination. Key areas of focus include evaluating for other ocular conditions, optimizing medical comorbidities, and determining the visual impact of the cataract to guide surgical planning and post-operative expectations.
This document discusses the pre-operative evaluation and management of adult cataract patients. It describes the types of cataract surgery as ICCE and ECCE. ECCE has replaced ICCE due to better equipment and IOL implants. A thorough pre-operative evaluation includes medical history, ocular examination, measurements of visual function, and potential acuity tests to determine the contribution of the cataract to visual loss. Special tests can evaluate macular and retinal function when the cataract obscures fundus view.
Cataract is an opacity in the lens. There are different types and stages of cataract development. Extra capsular cataract extraction is the preferred surgery technique as it has fewer complications than intra capsular extraction. Phacoemulsification is now the best technique as it allows for a small incision, use of topical anesthesia, and faster recovery. Accurate biometry measurements and IOL power calculations are important for good visual outcomes after surgery. Post-operative care involves medications and follow-up to monitor for and treat complications such as infection, inflammation, and posterior capsule opacification.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to obtain high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment. OCT of the retina provides images similar to a vertical biopsy under a microscope, with micron-level resolution. Applications of OCT include ophthalmology, dermatology, cardiology, endoscopy, and guided surgery. OCT measures reflected light using interferometry, similar to ultrasound but using light instead of sound. It has much higher resolution than ultrasound. OCT is useful for detailed imaging of the retina and anterior segment, while ultrasound can image deeper structures due to its ability to penetrate tissue.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used to identify and characterize different patterns of diabetic macular edema (DME). Common patterns include diffuse retinal thickening, cystoid macular edema, and serous retinal detachment. Cystoid macular edema appears on OCT as fluid-filled cystic cavities within the retinal layers. As DME progresses, cysts may enlarge and coalesce. Hard exudates appear as small, hyperreflective foci that cast shadows. Disruption of the ellipsoid zone is associated with worse visual acuity in DME patients. OCT is useful for monitoring response to DME treatment.
legal Rights of individual, children and women.pptxRishika Rawat
油
A legal right is a claim or entitlement that is recognized and protected by the law. It can also refer to the power or privilege that the law grants to a person. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education
Distribution of Drugs Plasma Protein Binding and Blood-Brain BarrierSumeetSharma591398
油
This presentation provides a detailed overview of drug distribution, focusing on plasma protein binding and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It explains the factors affecting drug distribution, the role of plasma proteins in drug binding, and how drugs penetrate the BBB. Key topics include the significance of protein-bound vs. free drug concentration, drug interactions, and strategies to enhance drug permeability across the BBB. Ideal for students, researchers, and healthcare professionals in pharmacology and drug development.
An overview of Acute Myeloid Leukemiain Lesotho Preliminary National Tum...SEJOJO PHAAROE
油
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)油is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells,
characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with normal blood cell production
The word "acute" in acute myelogenous leukemia means the disease tends to get worse quickly
Myeloid cell series are affected
These typically develop into mature blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
AML is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults
Union Budget 2025 Healthcare Sector Analysis & Impact (PPT).pdfAditiAlishetty
油
The Union Budget 2025-26 emphasizes enhancing India's healthcare by allocating 99,858 crore to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, marking a 10% increase from the previous year. Key initiatives include adding 10,000 medical college seats, with a plan to reach 75,000 over five years, and increasing funding for the Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission by 41% to 4,758 crore. However, experts express concerns that the allocation may still fall short of the sector's urgent needs. Dr. Bipin Vibhute, a distinguished Liver and Multi-Organ Transplant Surgeon, is renowned for pioneering free liver transplants for pediatric patients up to 12 years old in Pune. As the Program Director of the Center for Organ Transplants at Sahyadri Hospitals, he has significantly advanced organ transplantation services across Maharashtra.
This presentation provides an overview of syncope, a common medical emergency in dental practice. Created during my internship, this presentation aims to educate dental students on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and management of syncope with a focus on dental specific considerations.
Understanding Trauma: Causes, Effects, and Healing StrategiesBecoming Institute
油
Trauma affects millions of people worldwide, shaping their emotional, psychological, and even physical well-being. This presentation delves into the root causes of trauma, its profound effects on mental health, and practical strategies for healing. Whether you are seeking to understand your own experiences or support others on their journey, this guide offers insights into coping mechanisms, therapy approaches, and self-care techniques. Explore how trauma impacts the brain, body, and relationships, and discover pathways to resilience and recovery.
Perfect for mental health advocates, therapists, educators, and anyone looking to foster emotional well-being. Watch now and take the first step toward healing!
Rabies Bali 2008-2020_WRD Webinar_WSAVA 2020_Final.pptxWahid Husein
油
A decade of rabies control programmes in Bali with support from FAO ECTAD Indonesia with Mass Dog Vaccination, Integrated Bite Case Management, Dog Population Management, and Risk Communication as the backbone of the programmes
Chair, Grzegorz (Greg) S. Nowakowski, MD, FASCO, discusses diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in this CME activity titled Addressing Unmet Needs for Better Outcomes in DLBCL: Leveraging Prognostic Assessment and Off-the-Shelf Immunotherapy Strategies. For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aid, and complete CME information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/49JdxV4. CME credit will be available until February 27, 2026.
FAO's Support Rabies Control in Bali_Jul22.pptxWahid Husein
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What is FAO doing to support rabies control programmes in Bali, Indonesia, using One Health approach with mass dog vaccination and integrated bite case management as main strategies
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT & DEFENSE MECHANISMS.pptxPersonality and environment:...ABHAY INSTITUTION
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Personality theory is a collection of ideas that explain how a person's personality develops and how it affects their behavior. It also seeks to understand how people react to situations, and how their personality impacts their relationships.
Key aspects of personality theory
Personality traits: The characteristics that make up a person's personality.
Personality development: How a person's personality develops over time.
Personality disorders: How personality theories can be used to study personality disorders.
Personality and environment: How a person's personality is influenced by their environment.
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Microbiology.pptxDr Punith Kumar
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing clinical microbiology by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, automating workflows, and improving patient outcomes. This presentation explores the key applications of AI in microbial identification, antimicrobial resistance detection, and laboratory automation. Learn how machine learning, deep learning, and data-driven analytics are transforming the field, leading to faster and more efficient microbiological diagnostics. Whether you're a researcher, clinician, or healthcare professional, this presentation provides valuable insights into the future of AI in microbiology.
Strategies for Promoting Innovation in Healthcare Like Akiva Greenfield.pdfakivagreenfieldus
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Healthcare innovation has been greatly aided by leaders like Akiva Greenfield, CEO of Nexus, particularly in fields like operational efficiency, revenue cycle management (RCM), and client engagement. In order to ensure both operational success and better patient experiences, Akiva's approach combines technological advancements with an emphasis on improving the human side of healthcare.
Enzyme Induction and Inhibition: Mechanisms, Examples & Clinical SignificanceSumeetSharma591398
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This presentation explains the crucial role of enzyme induction and inhibition in drug metabolism. It covers:
鏝 Mechanisms of enzyme regulation in the liver
鏝 Examples of enzyme inducers (Rifampin, Carbamazepine) and inhibitors (Ketoconazole, Grapefruit juice)
鏝 Clinical significance of drug interactions affecting efficacy and toxicity
鏝 Factors like genetics, age, diet, and disease influencing enzyme activity
Ideal for pharmacy, pharmacology, and medical students, this presentation helps in understanding drug metabolism and dosage adjustments for safe medication use.
Co-Chairs and Presenters, Gerald Appel, MD, and Dana V. Rizk, MD, discuss kidney disease in this CME activity titled Advancements in IgA Nephropathy: Discovering the Potential of Complement Pathway Therapies. For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/48UHvVM. CME credit will be available until February 25, 2026.
14. How Does OCT-A Work?
So smart, so simple
OCT image is a structural, cross-sectional, B-scan image.
OCT works by sending a long-wavelength light, then detecting
changes that occurred on the tissue-reflected light; thereby, it
converts the reflected light into an image.
15. How Does OCT-A Work?
So smart, so simple
OCT-A machine captures multiple conventional
structural OCT images at the same site.
Then, it compares the resulting differences
between them (decorrelation):
If the imaged area is avascular, then no
difference among the multiple images will be
detected, and the OCT-A will appear black.
17. How Does OCT-A Work?
So smart, so simple
If the imaged area is
vascular, intravascular
turbulence will cause
differences among
the multiple images;
this difference will be
depicted as vessels..
18. OCT-A is the beginning of a promising future
of retinal vascular imaging
19. Using OCT-A in Daily practice
First we need to understand basic analysis
Segmentation
35. The evidence behind the OCT-A
OCT and angiography is eliciting commercial and clinical
interest
powerful research tool changing classification and
management of glaucoma, cornea, retina, and anterior
segment
Its power in its reproducibility and high resolution