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The document discusses effluent treatment at a chemical plant. It introduces common impurities like COD, phenol content, and pH that are targeted for treatment. The treatment process involves separating effluent into sections for solids to settle before flowing to tanks for further processing to reduce impurities. Key recommendations include regularly sampling effluent to understand its composition, potentially reusing treated effluent on-site after establishing its safety, and exploring decomposition or combustion to remove phenol content. The goal of treatment is to lower impurity levels to meet regulatory discharge compliance standards.

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P2 PRESENTATION N Dip in Chemical Engineering Program : Work integrated learning Company : SI Group 07 January 2015 to 07 January 2016
INTRODUCTION Most industries discard water that is harmful to the environment into municipal storm drainage. Chemical industry is one of the most industry which produces contaminated water into the drainage, more especially manufacturing and mineral processing company. Most petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the local and/ or national regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into community treatment plants or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
INTRODUCTION CONTINUES. Effluent treatment is a process of converting water that is no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use into an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused. Treatment means removing impurities from water being treated. Although disposal or reuse which occurs after treatment must be considered first by the laboratory. Acceptable impurities concentrations may vary with the type of use or location of disposal. The local and /or national regulation regarding wastewater disposal have their own standards / specification (impurity concentration tolerance).
INTRODUCTION CONTINUES. The effluent sample is the one after treatment which does not necessarily means it is pure still water ready to drink but it simply means it is on spec. It can either be reused or disposed to the lake , oceans or community treatment plant for further treatment. The influent sample is the one before treatment which is rich in impurities.
DISCUSSION o Impurities varies with industries. Petroleum refineries has its own impurities so is chemical plants and resin plants. o As a result, a treatment done in each industry will also vary since they are not removing the same impurities. o There are common impurities like COD (chemical oxygen demand) ,pH (how acidic or basic is your liquid) and few others.
DISCUSSION CONTINUES. o The focus in this presentation will be on the following:- 1. COD 2. Phenol content 3. Ph Chemical oxygen demand The COD test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. It expresses the amount of oxygen originating from potassium dichromate that reacts with the oxidizable substances contained in 1 of water under the conditions of the specified procedure. I mol K2Cr2O7 is equivalent to 1.5 mol O2
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND The measuring range for COD which comply with the local and / or national regulations regarding disposal of wastewater is between 500 -10 000mg/ of COD. There are number of substances which affect the COD results. The table above shows the influence of foreign substance to the COD. Concentrations of foreign substances in mg/l or % Cl- 5000 SO3 2- 10 H2O2 650 Cr3+ 25 NaNO3 10% CrO4 2- 50 Na2SO4 10% NO2 - 25 Na3PO4 10%
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND CONTINUE This was checked in a solution with a COD of 5000mg/l, it was found that some of the factors affecting COD was this foreign substances. Should your sample have a concentration of this foreign substances higher than the given ones on the table above, your COD will be higher than 5000mg/l and the opposite is always true. The table above shows the tolerance of concentration of foreign substances in your water. Oxidation reduces the biochemical oxygen demand of wastewater, and may reduce the toxicity of some impurities. Secondary treatment converts some of the impurities to carbon dioxide, water, and bio-solids, which is why chemical oxidation is widely used for disinfection. COD reduction is one of the most common challenges faced by most industry that needs to comply with local and/ or national regulation of the country. If it is not properly addressed, it may result in non-compliance fine.
PHENOL CONTENT Phenol content is the amount of phenol in the effluent. The acceptable amount of phenol in water that can be disposed to the municipal drainage is on a range of 0.10 -2.50mg/l phenol. Since SI Group (Schenectady International Group) is the worlds leading developer and manufacturer of chemical intermediates, phenolic resins, alkyl phenolic resins, and alkylated phenols, most if its products are made out of phenol. Therefore it is expected that the amount of phenol in wastewater to be high. There are also some factors affecting phenol content like foreign substances just like with the COD. The table below display the influence of foreign substances, which was checked in solutions containing 2 and 0 mg/l phenol.
PHENOL CONTENT Any of the above substances concentration plays a part in phenol content in wastewater. Just like with the COD, should the concentration be slightly higher your phenol content will be off spec. The reduction of phenol is not an easy thing to do, especially with all this foreign substances involve. One would recommend a vacuum distil but that might require a large amount of energy since the boiling point of the mixture/ solutions a bit high. Concentrations of foreign substances in mg/l or % Al3+ 50 Fe3+ 25 PO4 3- 500 Free chlorine 1.5 Ca2+ 500 Hg2+ 500 S2- 0.5 EDTA 1% Cd2+ 500 Mg2+ 500 SiO3 2- 500 Surfactants 0.1% CN- 500 Mn2+ 500 S2O3 2- 0.5 NaCl 20% Cr3+ 500 NH4 + 500 ZN2+ 500 NaNO3 20% Cr2O7 2- 50 Ni2+ 500 Na2B4O7 2% Cu2+ 5 NO2 - 5 Na2SO4 15%
PH PH is basically a test of how acidic or basic your liquid is. Nothing complex about it, all you do is to have your sample cooled to room temperature and put an electrode into your sample and get your results. The acceptable PH by the national regulation of the country ranges between 6 -10. Any Ph between these ranges is acceptable, but it is preferred to discharge wastewater that is at least neutral of 7.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION Large amount of water is used during manufacturing of products but after each process cleaning or rinsing of reactors and other equipment's is requires, therefore effluent is system is created. Most industries has now adopted a zero effluent system where by all their contaminated water is recycled back to the process for its recent use. In most companies that might be a challenge since the substances inside is unknown and that might affect the quality of the product. Determining all the substances involve might be costly and very complex. All water used around the chemical plant is directed and connected to the pipeline linked to the effluent farm. The water could be from cleaning the reactors, condensers, vacuum cooling systems or even scrubbing of floor which could be containing chemical must all flow to the effluent.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONTINUES Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Treatment Storage The effluent is divided into 4 sections. Water will flow into the first section where the solids will settle and liquid will overflow into the second section and some of the solids that did not settle from the previous settle will settle then. Second section will also be full of water and over flow to the third section and be pumped into the vessel where the treatment will be taking place. The treated water will be transferred to the last section where it is ready to be discharge or disposed to the municipal wastewater treatment for further treatment with low impurities and less harmful.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONTINUES There are no operating conditions, the only variable that must be controlled is the Ph. Low ph is preferred for a better settling rate of solids. You must wear a minimum standard PPE at all time since you are working with dangerous chemical like hydrogen peroxide and sulphuric acid.
RECOMMENDATION One can recommend that a sample must be taken to the laboratory twice a week for at least a year to check the impurities and all this foreign substances. If the plant produces the same products for a year, the effluent will contain the same impurities. The water can be reused once all substances inside are determined. E.g, if phenol content in an effluent is 0.5%, that means on your next batch you must charge 99.5% of it and 100.5% of water, the same apply with the rest of substances.
RECOMMENDATION CONTINUES If not reused on batches, it can be treated to reduce toxicity and corrosiveness. Once the treatment is achieved, it can be used on the cooling system since it will be less corrosive. If not through cooling towers, it can be used on vacuum pump cooling system Or the minimum treatment required to meet the levels of the government can be done and be discharged. This can first be first be tried on a pilot plant and check how affected is the quality of the product compared when using fresh clean water.
RECOMMENDATION CONTINUES One can also recommend decomposition of phenol. Combustion of phenol is another way, however, for compounds containing benzene rings, combustion is hardly ever complete, especially if they are burnt in air. The high proportion of carbon in phenol means that you need a very high proportion of oxygen to phenol to get complete combustion C6H5OH+7O26CO2+3H2O
RECOMMENDATION CONTINUES Sometimes it is necessary to modify the phenol first to make the reaction faster. For example, benzoyl chloride has the formula C6H5COCl. The -COCl group is attached directly to a benzene ring. It is much less reactive than simple acyl chlorides like ethanoyl chloride. In order to get a reasonably quick reaction with benzoyl chloride, the phenol is first converted into sodium phenoxide by dissolving it in sodium hydroxide solution. The phenoxide ion reacts more rapidly with benzoyl chloride than the original phenol does. Solid phenyl benzoate is formed.
CONCLUSION Effluent is an outflow of water from the man made structure which flow into municipal drainage, lake, ocean or an open land. It must meet the standard level of the government before it can be discharged, thats were treatment comes in. Most petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the local and/ or national regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into community treatment plants or into rivers, lakes, or oceans. The acceptable PH by the national regulation of the country ranges between 6 -10. Any Ph between these ranges is acceptable, but it is preferred to discharge wastewater that is at least neutral of 7.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge my supervisors and my mentor together with my colleagues from different departments that I have been through, more especially Mr Nirushann Reddy for guiding me every step of the way. I would also like to acknowledge the company for the opportunity to do my in-service training.
REFERENCES 1. http://www.industrialtreatment.co.za 2. http://www.wastewater.gov.za 3. http://www.cod.co.za 4. http://www.pwm.co.za 5. http://www.effluent.co.za 6. http://www.effluenttreatment.com
THANK YOU ANY QUESTIONS
CHAMPIONS

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P2 Presentation

  • 1. P2 PRESENTATION N Dip in Chemical Engineering Program : Work integrated learning Company : SI Group 07 January 2015 to 07 January 2016
  • 2. INTRODUCTION Most industries discard water that is harmful to the environment into municipal storm drainage. Chemical industry is one of the most industry which produces contaminated water into the drainage, more especially manufacturing and mineral processing company. Most petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the local and/ or national regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into community treatment plants or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
  • 3. INTRODUCTION CONTINUES. Effluent treatment is a process of converting water that is no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use into an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused. Treatment means removing impurities from water being treated. Although disposal or reuse which occurs after treatment must be considered first by the laboratory. Acceptable impurities concentrations may vary with the type of use or location of disposal. The local and /or national regulation regarding wastewater disposal have their own standards / specification (impurity concentration tolerance).
  • 4. INTRODUCTION CONTINUES. The effluent sample is the one after treatment which does not necessarily means it is pure still water ready to drink but it simply means it is on spec. It can either be reused or disposed to the lake , oceans or community treatment plant for further treatment. The influent sample is the one before treatment which is rich in impurities.
  • 5. DISCUSSION o Impurities varies with industries. Petroleum refineries has its own impurities so is chemical plants and resin plants. o As a result, a treatment done in each industry will also vary since they are not removing the same impurities. o There are common impurities like COD (chemical oxygen demand) ,pH (how acidic or basic is your liquid) and few others.
  • 6. DISCUSSION CONTINUES. o The focus in this presentation will be on the following:- 1. COD 2. Phenol content 3. Ph Chemical oxygen demand The COD test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. It expresses the amount of oxygen originating from potassium dichromate that reacts with the oxidizable substances contained in 1 of water under the conditions of the specified procedure. I mol K2Cr2O7 is equivalent to 1.5 mol O2
  • 7. CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND The measuring range for COD which comply with the local and / or national regulations regarding disposal of wastewater is between 500 -10 000mg/ of COD. There are number of substances which affect the COD results. The table above shows the influence of foreign substance to the COD. Concentrations of foreign substances in mg/l or % Cl- 5000 SO3 2- 10 H2O2 650 Cr3+ 25 NaNO3 10% CrO4 2- 50 Na2SO4 10% NO2 - 25 Na3PO4 10%
  • 8. CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND CONTINUE This was checked in a solution with a COD of 5000mg/l, it was found that some of the factors affecting COD was this foreign substances. Should your sample have a concentration of this foreign substances higher than the given ones on the table above, your COD will be higher than 5000mg/l and the opposite is always true. The table above shows the tolerance of concentration of foreign substances in your water. Oxidation reduces the biochemical oxygen demand of wastewater, and may reduce the toxicity of some impurities. Secondary treatment converts some of the impurities to carbon dioxide, water, and bio-solids, which is why chemical oxidation is widely used for disinfection. COD reduction is one of the most common challenges faced by most industry that needs to comply with local and/ or national regulation of the country. If it is not properly addressed, it may result in non-compliance fine.
  • 9. PHENOL CONTENT Phenol content is the amount of phenol in the effluent. The acceptable amount of phenol in water that can be disposed to the municipal drainage is on a range of 0.10 -2.50mg/l phenol. Since SI Group (Schenectady International Group) is the worlds leading developer and manufacturer of chemical intermediates, phenolic resins, alkyl phenolic resins, and alkylated phenols, most if its products are made out of phenol. Therefore it is expected that the amount of phenol in wastewater to be high. There are also some factors affecting phenol content like foreign substances just like with the COD. The table below display the influence of foreign substances, which was checked in solutions containing 2 and 0 mg/l phenol.
  • 10. PHENOL CONTENT Any of the above substances concentration plays a part in phenol content in wastewater. Just like with the COD, should the concentration be slightly higher your phenol content will be off spec. The reduction of phenol is not an easy thing to do, especially with all this foreign substances involve. One would recommend a vacuum distil but that might require a large amount of energy since the boiling point of the mixture/ solutions a bit high. Concentrations of foreign substances in mg/l or % Al3+ 50 Fe3+ 25 PO4 3- 500 Free chlorine 1.5 Ca2+ 500 Hg2+ 500 S2- 0.5 EDTA 1% Cd2+ 500 Mg2+ 500 SiO3 2- 500 Surfactants 0.1% CN- 500 Mn2+ 500 S2O3 2- 0.5 NaCl 20% Cr3+ 500 NH4 + 500 ZN2+ 500 NaNO3 20% Cr2O7 2- 50 Ni2+ 500 Na2B4O7 2% Cu2+ 5 NO2 - 5 Na2SO4 15%
  • 11. PH PH is basically a test of how acidic or basic your liquid is. Nothing complex about it, all you do is to have your sample cooled to room temperature and put an electrode into your sample and get your results. The acceptable PH by the national regulation of the country ranges between 6 -10. Any Ph between these ranges is acceptable, but it is preferred to discharge wastewater that is at least neutral of 7.
  • 12. PROCESS DESCRIPTION Large amount of water is used during manufacturing of products but after each process cleaning or rinsing of reactors and other equipment's is requires, therefore effluent is system is created. Most industries has now adopted a zero effluent system where by all their contaminated water is recycled back to the process for its recent use. In most companies that might be a challenge since the substances inside is unknown and that might affect the quality of the product. Determining all the substances involve might be costly and very complex. All water used around the chemical plant is directed and connected to the pipeline linked to the effluent farm. The water could be from cleaning the reactors, condensers, vacuum cooling systems or even scrubbing of floor which could be containing chemical must all flow to the effluent.
  • 13. PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONTINUES Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Treatment Storage The effluent is divided into 4 sections. Water will flow into the first section where the solids will settle and liquid will overflow into the second section and some of the solids that did not settle from the previous settle will settle then. Second section will also be full of water and over flow to the third section and be pumped into the vessel where the treatment will be taking place. The treated water will be transferred to the last section where it is ready to be discharge or disposed to the municipal wastewater treatment for further treatment with low impurities and less harmful.
  • 14. PROCESS DESCRIPTION CONTINUES There are no operating conditions, the only variable that must be controlled is the Ph. Low ph is preferred for a better settling rate of solids. You must wear a minimum standard PPE at all time since you are working with dangerous chemical like hydrogen peroxide and sulphuric acid.
  • 15. RECOMMENDATION One can recommend that a sample must be taken to the laboratory twice a week for at least a year to check the impurities and all this foreign substances. If the plant produces the same products for a year, the effluent will contain the same impurities. The water can be reused once all substances inside are determined. E.g, if phenol content in an effluent is 0.5%, that means on your next batch you must charge 99.5% of it and 100.5% of water, the same apply with the rest of substances.
  • 16. RECOMMENDATION CONTINUES If not reused on batches, it can be treated to reduce toxicity and corrosiveness. Once the treatment is achieved, it can be used on the cooling system since it will be less corrosive. If not through cooling towers, it can be used on vacuum pump cooling system Or the minimum treatment required to meet the levels of the government can be done and be discharged. This can first be first be tried on a pilot plant and check how affected is the quality of the product compared when using fresh clean water.
  • 17. RECOMMENDATION CONTINUES One can also recommend decomposition of phenol. Combustion of phenol is another way, however, for compounds containing benzene rings, combustion is hardly ever complete, especially if they are burnt in air. The high proportion of carbon in phenol means that you need a very high proportion of oxygen to phenol to get complete combustion C6H5OH+7O26CO2+3H2O
  • 18. RECOMMENDATION CONTINUES Sometimes it is necessary to modify the phenol first to make the reaction faster. For example, benzoyl chloride has the formula C6H5COCl. The -COCl group is attached directly to a benzene ring. It is much less reactive than simple acyl chlorides like ethanoyl chloride. In order to get a reasonably quick reaction with benzoyl chloride, the phenol is first converted into sodium phenoxide by dissolving it in sodium hydroxide solution. The phenoxide ion reacts more rapidly with benzoyl chloride than the original phenol does. Solid phenyl benzoate is formed.
  • 19. CONCLUSION Effluent is an outflow of water from the man made structure which flow into municipal drainage, lake, ocean or an open land. It must meet the standard level of the government before it can be discharged, thats were treatment comes in. Most petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the local and/ or national regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into community treatment plants or into rivers, lakes, or oceans. The acceptable PH by the national regulation of the country ranges between 6 -10. Any Ph between these ranges is acceptable, but it is preferred to discharge wastewater that is at least neutral of 7.
  • 20. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge my supervisors and my mentor together with my colleagues from different departments that I have been through, more especially Mr Nirushann Reddy for guiding me every step of the way. I would also like to acknowledge the company for the opportunity to do my in-service training.
  • 21. REFERENCES 1. http://www.industrialtreatment.co.za 2. http://www.wastewater.gov.za 3. http://www.cod.co.za 4. http://www.pwm.co.za 5. http://www.effluent.co.za 6. http://www.effluenttreatment.com