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Parallelism. a language concept. pptx giving awarness about parallelism and its uses, and errors
- 2. Parallelism
- 3. Parallelism Parallelism means that each item in a list or comparison follows the same grammatical pattern. For example in a list if the first item is a noun, write all the following items as nouns also.
- 4. Parallel structures to express similar ideas Non- Parallel Sentences Parallel sentences My history class was both interesting and a challenge. The language skills of the students in the evening classes are the same as the day classes. My history class was both interesting and challenging. The language skills of the students in the evening classes are the same as the language skills of the students in the day classes. (The items are both noun phrases)
- 5. Parallelism with Coordinators: and, or, but Words, phrases, and clauses that are joined by: and, or, and but (fan boys)are written in parallel structure. e.g. The Federal Air Pollution Control Administration regulates automobile exhausts, and the Federal Aviation Administration makes similar regulations for aircraft. The states regulate the noise created by motor vehicles but not by commercial aircraft.
- 6. Parallelism with Correlative (Paired) Conjunctions Use parallel forms with the paired conjunctions both ... and, either... or, neither.. nor, and not only . .. but also. e.g. Many people are neither concerned about pollutants nor worried about their future impact.
- 7. Activity Identify non parallel structures and correct it Credit cards are accepted by department stores, airlines, and they can be used in some gas stations. With credit cards, you can either pay your bill with one check, or you can stretch out your payments. Many people carry not only credit cards but they also carry cash.
- 8. Solution ! Credit cards are accepted by department stores, airlines, and some gas stations. With credit cards, you can either pay your bill with one check or stretch out your payments. Many people carry not only credit cards but also cash.
- 10. Sentence Problems A sentence structure can have following errors: Sentence fragments Choppy Run-on and Comma splice Stringy
- 11. Sentence Fragments Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences or parts of sentences. A complete sentence must contain at least one main or independent clause. e.g. Because some students work part-time while taking a full load of classes. (fragment) Because some students work part-time while taking a full load of courses, they have very little free time. (complete sentence) or Some students work part-time while taking a full load of classes.
- 12. Fragments Complete Sentences The increase in the cost of renting an apartment to live and work for at least a year in a foreign country. Teachers who give too much homework. Many of my friends who did not have the opportunity to go to college. The increase in the cost of renting an apartment is one reason for more people being homeless. Teachers who give too much homework are unpopular. Many of my friends who did not have the opportunity to go to college are unhappy.
- 13. Choppy Sentences Choppy sentences are sentences that are too short. Short sentences can be effective in certain situations. However, overuse of short sentences is considered poor style in academic writing. Choppy sentences are easy to correct. Just combine two or three short sentences to make one compound or complex sentence.
- 14. Choppy Sentences Correct Sentences Wind is an enduring source of power. Water is also an unlimited energy source. Dams produce hydraulic power. They have existed for a long time. Windmills are relatively new. Both wind and water are enduring sources of power. Dams have produced hydraulic power for a long time, but windmills are relatively new. If the sentences express equal ideas, use coordination to combine them.
- 15. Choppy Sentences Correct Sentences We must find new sources of energy. Natural sources of energy are decreasing. Solar energy is a promising new source of energy. Solar energy is energy from the sun We must find new sources of energy because natural sources of energy are dwindling. Solar energy, which is energy from the sun, is a promising new source. If the sentences express unequal ideas, use subordination to combine them.
- 16. Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices Run on sentences Comma splices Two or more independent clauses are written one after another with no punctuation. e.g. My family went to Australia then they emigrated to Canada. when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined by a comma without a coordinating conjunction e.g. My family went to Australia, then they emigrated to Canada.
- 17. The ways to correct these two sentence errors are the same Add a period My family went to Australia. Then they emigrated to Canada. Add a semicolon My family went to Australia; then they emigrated to Canada.
- 18. Add a coordinator My family went to Australia, and then they emigrated to Canada. Add a subordinator My family went to Australia before they emigrated to Canada. After my family went to Australia, they emigrated to Canada.
- 19. Stringy Sentences A sentence with too many clauses, usually connected with and, but, so, and sometimes because. It often the way you speak, going on and on like a string without an end. To correct a stringy sentence, divide it and/or recombine the clauses.
- 20. Stringy Sentences Correct Sentence Many students attend classes all morning, and then they work all afternoon, and they also have to study at night, so they are usually exhausted by the weekend. Many students attend classes all morning and work all afternoon. Since they also have to study at night, they are usually exhausted by the weekend. OR Because many students attend classes all morning, work all afternoon, and study at night, they are usually exhausted by the weekend.
- 21. Correct Choppy, run-on and stringy sentences An encyclopedia is a valuable source of information it contains summaries of every area of knowledge. To find a book on a certain subject, you used to look in a card catalogue, to find a magazine article on a subject, you used to look in a periodical index. He enrolled in an intermediate calculus class, but he found it too easy, so he dropped it, and he signed up for the advanced class. Some students go to a vocational school to learn a trade. Some students go to college to earn a degree.
- 22. Solution! (answers can vary) An encyclopedia is a valuable source of information because it contains summaries of every area of knowledge. To find a book on a certain subject, you used to look in a card catalog; moreover, to find a magazine article on a subject, you used to look in a periodical index. After he enrolled in an intermediate calculus class, he found it too easy, so he dropped it and signed up for the advanced class. Some students go to a vocational school to learn a trade, and some students go to college to earn a degree.