The document provides instructions for creating an interactive notebook covering photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It directs the student to construct a 5-page binder cover labeled with the unit topic and their name and period. Definitions are then provided for photosynthesis, cellular respiration, autotrophs, heterotrophs, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are described as the processes by which plants convert carbon dioxide into glucose and cells break down glucose to produce energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs are defined in relation to their ability to produce or consume food, and ATP is described as the molecule cells use to store and release energy.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration work together to provide energy for life. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The glucose is used by plants and animals through cellular respiration, which breaks down glucose and uses oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP as a form of chemical energy. The ATP produced through respiration powers cellular processes and activities that allow organisms to function.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food. It occurs in two stages: in the first stage, chloroplasts in plant cells absorb sunlight using the pigment chlorophyll, and in the second stage they use the captured energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars. Plants take in carbon dioxide through pores called stomata and water through their roots, and the chemical reaction takes place inside the chloroplasts using energy from sunlight to produce oxygen as a byproduct and sugars that the plant stores as food.
The document summarizes the process of photosynthesis, including the light-dependent and light-independent reactions. It explains that the light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert NADP+ and ADP into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH. The light-independent Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate carbon dioxide into organic three-carbon sugar molecules like glucose, producing sugars that can be stored by the plant. Together, these two sets of reactions allow plants to harness energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy stored in sugars.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary processes. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce oxygen and glucose (food). Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide and water. These processes work together to transfer energy through ecosystems, with photosynthesis capturing solar energy which is then used and released through cellular respiration.
This document discusses three key plant growth processes: transpiration, photosynthesis, and respiration. It explains that transpiration is the movement of water through a plant from the roots through the xylem and out of stomata in the leaves. Photosynthesis uses water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to produce sugars and oxygen. Respiration uses sugars to produce energy within plant cells. All three processes rely on water to function and are essential for plant growth, development, temperature regulation, and nutrient acquisition.
The document discusses two types of fermentation: alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Alcohol fermentation produces ethanol and is used to make bread, beer, and wine. Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid and occurs in muscles during intense exercise and when pickling foods. Fermentation allows for food preservation, adding vitamins and flavor. It enabled humans to transition from hunter-gatherers to agricultural societies by allowing food storage.
This document discusses speciation and the different types. It defines a species as a group that can interbreed and defines speciation as the origin of new species. It describes two main types of speciation: allopatric speciation which occurs when a population is separated geographically, and sympatric speciation which occurs without barriers. Sympatric speciation can happen through habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, or polyploidy. The document concludes with an activity where students will act out one of the speciation types.
The document discusses complex traits that have multiple interacting parts, such as eyes and blood clotting. It notes that opponents argue some traits are too complex to have evolved through small changes, but biologists have shown this is not true. Complex traits can evolve through natural selection accumulating small beneficial changes over time, and traits may have had different functions in the past and evolved to take on new roles.
The document describes the main structures and regions of the brain. It states that the cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain and consists of two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. The cerebrum's surface is wrinkled with gyri and sulci. It then lists the four main lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal - and their functions. The limbic lobe which controls involuntary behavior is also mentioned. The cerebellum at the back controls balance and coordination. The diencephalon and brain stem located under the cerebrum are involved in unconscious behaviors.
The document describes the main structures of the eye. It lists the cornea, iris, retina, lens, anterior cavity, vitreous chamber, rods, and cones as key parts. It notes that the cornea lets light in, the iris controls the pupil size, the retina contains photoreceptors, and the lens focuses light onto the retina. It also explains that rods support peripheral and night vision while cones allow for color vision.
This document discusses genetic drift, which is changes in allele frequencies in a population due to chance events rather than natural selection. Genetic drift is more likely to have large effects in small populations and can cause increases in neutral, beneficial, or detrimental traits randomly. Two types of genetic drift are founder effects, which occur when a new population is founded by a small number of colonists, and population bottlenecks, when a population is drastically reduced in size, such as by a natural disaster. Examples are provided of each type.
The document describes the three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea are single-celled and prokaryotic. Bacteria are also single-celled and prokaryotic, and can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic. Eukarya have complex cells with nuclei and organelles, and can be single-celled or multicellular, including animals, plants, fungi and protists. It includes a diagram of the tree of life showing the relationships between these domains and kingdoms. Students will research and present on specific types of protists.
Dichotomous keys are tools used to identify unknown items. They work by presenting two choices at each step, narrowing down the options until the item is identified. An example key is provided that uses three steps to distinguish between a ladybug, grasshopper, dragonfly, and housefly based on characteristics like wing coverage and wing position. The document concludes by constructing a sample key to identify strawberries, apples, oranges, and bananas based on color and shape traits.
Science is a method of understanding the natural world through making observations and developing testable explanations known as hypotheses. Scientists form hypotheses and models to make predictions that can be observed, and theories are explanations that have been well tested to unify broad observations. The scientific process involves observations, developing hypotheses and models, making predictions, and building theories through testing to best explain natural phenomena.
PCR is a technique used to make millions of copies of a particular region of DNA. It stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction and is used to amplify a specific segment of DNA. The process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA sample to enable polymerase enzymes to make new copies of the targeted DNA region.
All living things share universal traits such as having DNA, growing and developing over their lifetime, responding to their environment, reproducing offspring sexually or asexually, maintaining homeostasis, obtaining and using energy through metabolism, evolving over time from common ancestors, and being made of one or more cells.
The document describes the characteristics of a good graph, including using a ruler, giving the graph a title, labeling the axes and including units, numbering the axes such that the graph takes up half the page and numbers increase in consistent intervals, and drawing a best fit line rather than connecting data points. It then provides an example of a bad graph that lacks clear labels and spacing and wastes space, and notes issues one could find with it.
Scientists design controlled experiments to test hypotheses and answer testable questions about the natural world. They identify an independent variable to manipulate and keep all other variables constant. For example, an experiment could test if fertilizer increases plant growth by applying fertilizer to half the plots and controlling variables like soil type, water, and sunlight. Good experiments are replicated multiple times to improve reliability. Observations can be quantitative by including numbers or qualitative with descriptions. The results are analyzed to determine if the independent variable affected the outcome.
This document provides instructions for setting up an interactive notebook for an Introduction to Biology class. Students should have their course information sheet signature page ready to hand in. They should also get out 7 pages of binder paper and the assignment sheet. The cover of the notebook should include the class name, student name and information, and a related picture. The pages should be numbered and have designated sections for warm-ups, homework, input, and output. The input section provides an introduction to biology, defining it as the study of living things, and outlines some of the major topics that will be covered, including diversity of life, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology. Students are instructed to look further into one interesting topic and illustrate
The document describes several endocrine glands and their functions: the adrenal glands produce mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids; the pancreas contains islets of Langerhans that produce insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar; the pineal gland produces melatonin to induce sleep; the thymus produces thymosin which aids immune system development; and the placenta exchanges materials between mother and baby and produces hormones to maintain pregnancy.
Operationalising OGC Processes with Application Packages in ILIAD: A Service ...Marco Amaro Oliveira
油
This contribution presents the integration of the EO Application Package model into the ILIAD Digital Twin of the Ocean architecture, using the OGC API Processes DRU specification. Built on the EOEPCA framework and OGC best practices and specifications, the approach enables standardized, containerized EO applications packaged with CWL to run across a wide range of infrastructures including Kubernetes and HPC. These applications are already in use across several platforms, and in ILIAD they have been applied to models such as oil spill forecasting, aquaculture, wave energy, and ship routing.
The EDITO platform supports OGC API Processes but is currently optimized for simpler workflows using environment variables. To enhance compatibility with EO Application Packages, ILIAD introduces a Kubernetes-based ADES implementation, enabling dynamic execution and integration with EDITO's object store and metadata catalog. The experience is also informing the evolution of the OGC Best Practice, and practical solutions for bridging architectural gaps will be discussed.
Impact of Network Topologies on Blockchain Performancevschiavoni
油
Best Student Paper Award at ACM DEBS 2025.
Paper here:
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3701717.3730540
Since blockchains are increasingly adopted in real-world applications, it is of paramount importance to evaluate their performance across diverse scenarios. Although the network infrastructure plays a fundamental role, its impact on performance remains largely unexplored. Some studies evaluate blockchain in cloud environments, but this approach is costly and difficult to reproduce. We propose a cost-effective and reproducible environment that supports both cluster-based setups and emulation capabilities and allows the underlying network topology to be easily modified. We evaluate five industry-grade blockchains Algorand, Diem, Ethereum, Quorum, and Solana across five network topologies fat-tree, full mesh, hypercube, scale-free, and torus and different realistic workloads smart contract requests and transfer transactions. Our benchmark framework, Lilith, shows that full mesh, hypercube, and torus topologies improve blockchain performance under heavy workloads. Algorand and Diem perform consistently across the considered topologies, while Ethereum remains robust but slower.
This document discusses speciation and the different types. It defines a species as a group that can interbreed and defines speciation as the origin of new species. It describes two main types of speciation: allopatric speciation which occurs when a population is separated geographically, and sympatric speciation which occurs without barriers. Sympatric speciation can happen through habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, or polyploidy. The document concludes with an activity where students will act out one of the speciation types.
The document discusses complex traits that have multiple interacting parts, such as eyes and blood clotting. It notes that opponents argue some traits are too complex to have evolved through small changes, but biologists have shown this is not true. Complex traits can evolve through natural selection accumulating small beneficial changes over time, and traits may have had different functions in the past and evolved to take on new roles.
The document describes the main structures and regions of the brain. It states that the cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain and consists of two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. The cerebrum's surface is wrinkled with gyri and sulci. It then lists the four main lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal - and their functions. The limbic lobe which controls involuntary behavior is also mentioned. The cerebellum at the back controls balance and coordination. The diencephalon and brain stem located under the cerebrum are involved in unconscious behaviors.
The document describes the main structures of the eye. It lists the cornea, iris, retina, lens, anterior cavity, vitreous chamber, rods, and cones as key parts. It notes that the cornea lets light in, the iris controls the pupil size, the retina contains photoreceptors, and the lens focuses light onto the retina. It also explains that rods support peripheral and night vision while cones allow for color vision.
This document discusses genetic drift, which is changes in allele frequencies in a population due to chance events rather than natural selection. Genetic drift is more likely to have large effects in small populations and can cause increases in neutral, beneficial, or detrimental traits randomly. Two types of genetic drift are founder effects, which occur when a new population is founded by a small number of colonists, and population bottlenecks, when a population is drastically reduced in size, such as by a natural disaster. Examples are provided of each type.
The document describes the three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea are single-celled and prokaryotic. Bacteria are also single-celled and prokaryotic, and can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic. Eukarya have complex cells with nuclei and organelles, and can be single-celled or multicellular, including animals, plants, fungi and protists. It includes a diagram of the tree of life showing the relationships between these domains and kingdoms. Students will research and present on specific types of protists.
Dichotomous keys are tools used to identify unknown items. They work by presenting two choices at each step, narrowing down the options until the item is identified. An example key is provided that uses three steps to distinguish between a ladybug, grasshopper, dragonfly, and housefly based on characteristics like wing coverage and wing position. The document concludes by constructing a sample key to identify strawberries, apples, oranges, and bananas based on color and shape traits.
Science is a method of understanding the natural world through making observations and developing testable explanations known as hypotheses. Scientists form hypotheses and models to make predictions that can be observed, and theories are explanations that have been well tested to unify broad observations. The scientific process involves observations, developing hypotheses and models, making predictions, and building theories through testing to best explain natural phenomena.
PCR is a technique used to make millions of copies of a particular region of DNA. It stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction and is used to amplify a specific segment of DNA. The process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA sample to enable polymerase enzymes to make new copies of the targeted DNA region.
All living things share universal traits such as having DNA, growing and developing over their lifetime, responding to their environment, reproducing offspring sexually or asexually, maintaining homeostasis, obtaining and using energy through metabolism, evolving over time from common ancestors, and being made of one or more cells.
The document describes the characteristics of a good graph, including using a ruler, giving the graph a title, labeling the axes and including units, numbering the axes such that the graph takes up half the page and numbers increase in consistent intervals, and drawing a best fit line rather than connecting data points. It then provides an example of a bad graph that lacks clear labels and spacing and wastes space, and notes issues one could find with it.
Scientists design controlled experiments to test hypotheses and answer testable questions about the natural world. They identify an independent variable to manipulate and keep all other variables constant. For example, an experiment could test if fertilizer increases plant growth by applying fertilizer to half the plots and controlling variables like soil type, water, and sunlight. Good experiments are replicated multiple times to improve reliability. Observations can be quantitative by including numbers or qualitative with descriptions. The results are analyzed to determine if the independent variable affected the outcome.
This document provides instructions for setting up an interactive notebook for an Introduction to Biology class. Students should have their course information sheet signature page ready to hand in. They should also get out 7 pages of binder paper and the assignment sheet. The cover of the notebook should include the class name, student name and information, and a related picture. The pages should be numbered and have designated sections for warm-ups, homework, input, and output. The input section provides an introduction to biology, defining it as the study of living things, and outlines some of the major topics that will be covered, including diversity of life, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology. Students are instructed to look further into one interesting topic and illustrate
The document describes several endocrine glands and their functions: the adrenal glands produce mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids; the pancreas contains islets of Langerhans that produce insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar; the pineal gland produces melatonin to induce sleep; the thymus produces thymosin which aids immune system development; and the placenta exchanges materials between mother and baby and produces hormones to maintain pregnancy.
Operationalising OGC Processes with Application Packages in ILIAD: A Service ...Marco Amaro Oliveira
油
This contribution presents the integration of the EO Application Package model into the ILIAD Digital Twin of the Ocean architecture, using the OGC API Processes DRU specification. Built on the EOEPCA framework and OGC best practices and specifications, the approach enables standardized, containerized EO applications packaged with CWL to run across a wide range of infrastructures including Kubernetes and HPC. These applications are already in use across several platforms, and in ILIAD they have been applied to models such as oil spill forecasting, aquaculture, wave energy, and ship routing.
The EDITO platform supports OGC API Processes but is currently optimized for simpler workflows using environment variables. To enhance compatibility with EO Application Packages, ILIAD introduces a Kubernetes-based ADES implementation, enabling dynamic execution and integration with EDITO's object store and metadata catalog. The experience is also informing the evolution of the OGC Best Practice, and practical solutions for bridging architectural gaps will be discussed.
Impact of Network Topologies on Blockchain Performancevschiavoni
油
Best Student Paper Award at ACM DEBS 2025.
Paper here:
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3701717.3730540
Since blockchains are increasingly adopted in real-world applications, it is of paramount importance to evaluate their performance across diverse scenarios. Although the network infrastructure plays a fundamental role, its impact on performance remains largely unexplored. Some studies evaluate blockchain in cloud environments, but this approach is costly and difficult to reproduce. We propose a cost-effective and reproducible environment that supports both cluster-based setups and emulation capabilities and allows the underlying network topology to be easily modified. We evaluate five industry-grade blockchains Algorand, Diem, Ethereum, Quorum, and Solana across five network topologies fat-tree, full mesh, hypercube, scale-free, and torus and different realistic workloads smart contract requests and transfer transactions. Our benchmark framework, Lilith, shows that full mesh, hypercube, and torus topologies improve blockchain performance under heavy workloads. Algorand and Diem perform consistently across the considered topologies, while Ethereum remains robust but slower.
Overview of Stem Cells and Immune Modulation.ppsxAhmedAtwa29
油
This presentation, "Stem Cells & Immune Modulation: The Future of Regenerative Medicine?" by Dr. Ahmed Atwa, explores the groundbreaking potential of stem cells in regenerative medicine and immune regulation. It covers stem cell types (Embryonic, Adult, iPSCs), their unique properties (self-renewal, differentiation), and therapeutic applications in tissue repair, disease modeling, and immunomodulation. Special focus is given to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their role in modulating immune responses through cytokines, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and preconditioning strategies. The slides also address clinical challenges, cancer stem cell evasion, and future directions in stem cell therapy.
Excipients can be defined as non active ingredients that are mixed with therapeutically active compounds to form medicines. The excipients are the substance which are used as a medium for giving a medicament.These help in processing of the drug delivery system during its manufacture, protect, support or enhance stability, bioavailability or patient acceptability.
The word comes from the Latin word meaning a sweets melling fluid contain the essence of flowers and other substances. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oil and aroma compounds Fragrances used for external applications such as spray perfumes, body care, homecare, cosmetics, soaps and detergents.
Chromatography 際際滷s for the course of Introduction to Biology and Chemistry...Md. Arif Shahriar
油
This presentation was made as a coursework of "Introduction to Biology and Chemistry for Computation" Course under Fatema Tuj Johora ma'am at Daffodil International University.
They say Artificial Intelligence will solve that problem in a jiffy. They are telling you a tall tale straight from Mark Twains trove. It may compare with The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.
Only a maximum of twelve languages will be able to have an AI, hence translation machines, because only them will have a big enough LLM to be able to produce and train an Artificial Intelligence.
Thats the positive element.
But on the negative side, several (many) thousand languages will not be able to have an AI, hence a translation machine.
The real danger is the homogenization of AI-compatible languages and the statistical customization of all languages on the pattern of these twelve languages. You must be joking! On the model of only ONE AI-compatible language, English, and all other languages will be in contact with this English-Norm, and all languages will follow the AI-customized English that all machines, all media, and all people will be repeating after the AI translation machine: My tailor is rich, the first sentence of L'Anglais sans peine, the first work in the Assimil method for learning English, written by Alphonse Ch辿rel in 1929.
Is that the future of humanity, or the bad nightmare of a cat lost in the jigsaw puzzle of a supernatural spiritual Cat Country?
Or maybe the Time Machine that will take us to paradise in a universe at least three million light years away from this dirty earth, in whose mud we are swaddling ourselves piggishly.