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Physics Chapter 1,2

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This document summarizes key concepts from Physics Chapters 1 and 2, including: - The scientific method for making observations and testing hypotheses. - The metric system of measurement and common metric units like meters, grams, and liters. - Scientific notation for expressing numbers in exponential form. - The difference between accuracy and precision in measurements. - Rules for significant figures and proper use in calculations. - Common types of graphs like linear, quadratic, and inverse relationships.

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Physics Chapter 1and 2 Metrics, Scientific Notation, Significant Figures and Graphing
Physics The study of matter and energy and how they are related
Scientific Method This is an organized way of determining how the universe works. Steps Recognize the problem Make observations; facts are verified observations Form a hypothesis – an educated guess Devise experiments to test the hypothesis Draw conclusions from your results and formulate a theory. A theory provides a logical explanation for a certain body of facts. A theory can change with contradicting evidence.
Money Drop Demo
The Metric System This is a scientific system of measurement. It is called the SI System or the International System of Measurement. Based on powers of ten This system was created by French scientists around 1795
Units of the Metric System Fundamental Units – units used to describe the quantities of length, time, and mass Time – seconds Length – meter Mass - kilograms Derived Units – combinations of fundamental units Examples: m/s, mph, or grams/cm 3
The Metric System The Comfort Zone m c d grams liters meters dk h k Milli Centi Deci Base Unit Deca Hecto Kilo
Non-Comfort Zone p n µ m c d grams meters liters dk H K M G T pico Nano Micro Milli Centi Deci Base unit Deca Hecto Kilo Mega Giga Tera
Scientific Notation Scientific notation expresses a number in exponential form (m x 10 n ) where 1≤m<10 and n is an integer.
Examples of Scientific Notation 145 0.0078 42.7 x 10 4 89.6 x 10 -5 1.45 x 10 2 7.8 x 10 -3 4.27 x 10 5 8.96 x 10 -4
Accuracy vs Precision Accuracy – extent to which a measured value agrees with an accepted value Precision – degree of exactness to which a measurement can be reproduced, limited to the smallest division on a measurement scale The known density of copper is 8.9 g/ml Group A gets a value of 8.7 g/ml and Group B gets a value of 9 g/ml Which Group is more accurate? Group B Which Group is more precise? Group A
Significant Figures Rules for Sig Figs Non zero digits are significant Final 0’s after the decimal are significant Zeros between 2 sig figs are significant Zeros used solely for spacing the decimal are not significant
Examples of Sig Figs 1.03 0.000034 0.003 0.3 3.00 30 30. 3 300.10 300.01 3 sig figs 2 sig figs 1 sig fig 1 sig fig 3 sig figs 1 sig fig 2 sig figs 1 sig fig 5 sig figs 5 sig figs
Add/Subtract/Multiply/Divide using Scientific Notation Add/Subtract Rules They must be like terms (same units and same power) Always take care of the units first then get the powers to be the same (as one gets bigger the other gets smaller) Multiply Rules Multiply the bases and add the exponents. Make sure you use the correct units (Ex: m 2 ) Divide Rules Divide the bases and subtract the exponents Make sure you use the correct units (m/s) Only convert units that can be converted (Ex: meters cannot be converted to seconds, but they could be converted to cm)
Add/Subtract/Multiply/Divide using Scientific Notation and Sig Figs When adding and subtracting round your final answer to the least precise value Ex: 5.25 +120.1 =125.35, but our final answer is: 125.4 When multiplying or dividing your final answer has the least number of sig figs as the values you are working with Ex: 25 x 5.0 = 125, but our final answer is: 130
Graphing Independent Variable-the variable that is manipulated or can be changed: plotted on the x-axis Dependent Variable-result of the independent variable: plotted on the y-axis 3 Types of graphs Linear Relationship (straight line) y=mx + b Quadratic Relationship (parabola) y =kx 2 Inverse Relationship (hyperbola) y = k/x
Linear Graph Y = mx + b
Quadratic or Parabola Y = kx 2
Inverse or Hyperbola Y = k/x

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Physics Chapter 1,2

  • 1. Physics Chapter 1and 2 Metrics, Scientific Notation, Significant Figures and Graphing
  • 2. Physics The study of matter and energy and how they are related
  • 3. Scientific Method This is an organized way of determining how the universe works. Steps Recognize the problem Make observations; facts are verified observations Form a hypothesis – an educated guess Devise experiments to test the hypothesis Draw conclusions from your results and formulate a theory. A theory provides a logical explanation for a certain body of facts. A theory can change with contradicting evidence.
  • 5. The Metric System This is a scientific system of measurement. It is called the SI System or the International System of Measurement. Based on powers of ten This system was created by French scientists around 1795
  • 6. Units of the Metric System Fundamental Units – units used to describe the quantities of length, time, and mass Time – seconds Length – meter Mass - kilograms Derived Units – combinations of fundamental units Examples: m/s, mph, or grams/cm 3
  • 7. The Metric System The Comfort Zone m c d grams liters meters dk h k Milli Centi Deci Base Unit Deca Hecto Kilo
  • 8. Non-Comfort Zone p n µ m c d grams meters liters dk H K M G T pico Nano Micro Milli Centi Deci Base unit Deca Hecto Kilo Mega Giga Tera
  • 9. Scientific Notation Scientific notation expresses a number in exponential form (m x 10 n ) where 1≤m<10 and n is an integer.
  • 10. Examples of Scientific Notation 145 0.0078 42.7 x 10 4 89.6 x 10 -5 1.45 x 10 2 7.8 x 10 -3 4.27 x 10 5 8.96 x 10 -4
  • 11. Accuracy vs Precision Accuracy – extent to which a measured value agrees with an accepted value Precision – degree of exactness to which a measurement can be reproduced, limited to the smallest division on a measurement scale The known density of copper is 8.9 g/ml Group A gets a value of 8.7 g/ml and Group B gets a value of 9 g/ml Which Group is more accurate? Group B Which Group is more precise? Group A
  • 12. Significant Figures Rules for Sig Figs Non zero digits are significant Final 0’s after the decimal are significant Zeros between 2 sig figs are significant Zeros used solely for spacing the decimal are not significant
  • 13. Examples of Sig Figs 1.03 0.000034 0.003 0.3 3.00 30 30. 3 300.10 300.01 3 sig figs 2 sig figs 1 sig fig 1 sig fig 3 sig figs 1 sig fig 2 sig figs 1 sig fig 5 sig figs 5 sig figs
  • 14. Add/Subtract/Multiply/Divide using Scientific Notation Add/Subtract Rules They must be like terms (same units and same power) Always take care of the units first then get the powers to be the same (as one gets bigger the other gets smaller) Multiply Rules Multiply the bases and add the exponents. Make sure you use the correct units (Ex: m 2 ) Divide Rules Divide the bases and subtract the exponents Make sure you use the correct units (m/s) Only convert units that can be converted (Ex: meters cannot be converted to seconds, but they could be converted to cm)
  • 15. Add/Subtract/Multiply/Divide using Scientific Notation and Sig Figs When adding and subtracting round your final answer to the least precise value Ex: 5.25 +120.1 =125.35, but our final answer is: 125.4 When multiplying or dividing your final answer has the least number of sig figs as the values you are working with Ex: 25 x 5.0 = 125, but our final answer is: 130
  • 16. Graphing Independent Variable-the variable that is manipulated or can be changed: plotted on the x-axis Dependent Variable-result of the independent variable: plotted on the y-axis 3 Types of graphs Linear Relationship (straight line) y=mx + b Quadratic Relationship (parabola) y =kx 2 Inverse Relationship (hyperbola) y = k/x
  • 17. Linear Graph Y = mx + b