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PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM (an outline of planets and dwarf planets in the solar system)

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PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Dr. Basil Bemgba Achie MBBS Ibadan
In 2006, The International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined a Planet as follows: A planet is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (a nearly round shape), and (c) has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit. A non-satellite body fulfilling only two of the IAU criteria is classified as a dwarf planet. The IUA recognizes eight known planets. This presentation is an outline of the 8 planets and 5 dwarf planets.
THE PLANETS PLANET Surface temp. Orbit distance Orbit period Diameter TERRESTRIAL/ROCKY PLANETS (INNER PLANETS) composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals. 1. MERCURY -173 to 427属C 0.39 AU 87.97 Earth days Polar 4,879 km Equatorial 4,879 km 2. VENUS 462属 C 0.73 AU 224.70 Earth days Polar 12,104 km Equatorial 38,025 km 3. EARTH -88 to 58属 C 149,598,262 km (1 AU) 365.26 Earth days Polar 12,714 km Equatorial 40,030 km 4. MARS -87 to -5 属C 1.38 AU 1.88 Earth years Polar 6,755 km Equatorial 21,297 km
PLANET Surface temp. Orbit distance Orbit period Diameter THE GAS GIANTS (OUTER PLANETS) giant planet composed mainly of Hydrogen and Helium. 5. JUPITER -108属C 5.20 AU 11.86 Earth years Polar 133,709 km Equatorial 142,984 km 6. SATURN -139 属C 9.58 AU 29.45 Earth years Polar 108,728 km Equatorial 120,536 km ICE GIANTS (OUTER PLANETS) giant planet composed mainly of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium with freezing points above about 100kelvins such as ammonia, or methane. 7. URANUS -197 属C 19.22 AU 84.02 Earth years Polar 49,946 km Equatorial 51,118 km 8. NEPTUNE -201 属C 30.10 AU 164.79 Earth years Polar 48,682 km Equatorial 49,528 km
MERCURY Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, at a distance of 57 million km. It is the smallest planet and second densest after Earth. Mercury has the most drastic average surface temperature variations in the Solar System, from 430 degrees Celsius in the day to as low as minus 180 degrees Celsius at night. Covered in craters from various impacts, it is very similar to Earths moon in size and appearance. NASAs Messenger spacecraft was the first to orbit Mercury in March 2011. It crashed into the planet in 2015 after taking thousands of pictures.
VENUS Venus was first recorded by Babylonian astronomers in 14th Century BC. The brightest planet in the solar system, it has a surface temperature of 462属 C. Venus has a thick atmosphere made up of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen. These trap heat making the planet the hottest in the solar system. Venus and Uranus rotate clockwise, East to West (opposite the other planets), Because it is very similar to Earth in
EARTH The third planet from the sun, Earth orbits the sun at an average distance of 149 million kilometers or one Astronomical Unit (1 AU) It is the only planet not named after Greek or Roman mythology, The planet revolves around the sun in 365.25 days, ( one Earth year). Only 29% of Earth is covered by land. Of the 71% covered by water, 97% is salt water while 3% is fresh. It is the only place known to harbor life as we know it.
MARS The fourth planet from the sun, the Red planet, was named after the Roman god of war. The planet was first observed with a telescope by Galileo Galilei in 1610 Its rusty colour is due to iron-rich minerals in its regolith, which oxidize giving the planet its red colour. Mars is home to the highest mountain (Olympus Mons) and the deepest, longest valley (Valles Marineris) in the Solar System. Its average temperature is minus 60 degrees Celsius.
JUPITER Jupiter is the solar systems largest planet. The gas giant contains more than twice the mass of all the other solar system planets combined. The Great Red Spot is its biggest storm and its more than twice the width of planet Earth and has been raging for at least 350 years. The Great Red spot is observed to be shrinking as recent observation show its now just big enough to contain one earth.
SATURN Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and has the largest planetary rings. With a polar diameter of 108,728 km, it is the second largest planet after Jupiter The gas giant has a surface temperature of -139 属C It has the lowest density of all the planets and can float on water. The planet is largely made up of methane which gives it a brownish-yellow appearance.
URANUS Uranus was discovered on March 13, 1781, by the English astronomer William Herschel with the aid of a telescope. It has been sighted since 128 BC but was always dismissed as a star. Johann Bode first proposed the name Uranus in 1782. It is the coldest planet in the solar system with a surface temperatures dipping to minus 225 degrees Celsius. Uranus rotates on its side, thus, it is called the side ways planet, tilted on its side by about 98%. Its atmosphere is made up of hydrogen, helium and methane.
NEPTUNE Neptune is the eighth planet from the sun. Officially discovered in 1846 by Le Verrier and Johann Galle, It is the first planet to be discovered by mathematical calculations and predictions. At an average distance of 30 AU away from the Sun, it is the furthest of the eight planets. Neptune has a surface temperature of -201 属C It is an ice giant, that is, its rocky icy core is proportionally larger than the
THE DWARF PLANETS DWARF PLANET Surface temp. Orbit distance Orbit period Diameter 1. PLUTO -229属C 39.26 AU 247.92065 Earth years 2,368 km (+- 20km) 2. ERIS Between 243.2 and 217.2 属C 68 AU 558 Earth years 2,326 km 3. HAUMEA - 241属C 43.13 AU 283.28 Earth Years Equatorial -1,960 km 1,518 km Polar - 996 km 4. MAKEMAKE -239属C 45.79 AU 309.88 Earth Years Equatorial 1,434 km Polar 1,422 km 5. CERES -105属C 2.77 AU 4.60 years 950 km
PLUTO Discovered in 1930, by Clyde Tombaugh, Pluto was the ninth planet up until 2006 when it was demoted to dwarf planet status after the IAU defined the term planet. It is made up mostly of ice and rock and is smaller than Earths moon (about one-sixth its mass, and one-third of its volume) It has a surface temperature of - 229属C Average distance from the sun is 39.5 AU
ERIS Eris is about the same size as Pluto but has 28% more mass. Located beyond the orbit of Neptune, it is the most distant dwarf planet at an average distance of 68AU. Discovered in 2005 by Mike Brown and his team, it was considered the tenth planet until its demotion to dwarf planet status along with Pluto. Eris orbits the sun in 558 Earth years and has a moon named Dysnomia. It is extremely cold with a surface temperature of between 243.2 and 217.2 属C.
HAUMEA Haumea is the fastest rotating dwarf planet The discovery of Haumea in 2004 is disputed between Mike Brown and his team and Jos辿 Luis Ortiz Moreno and his team. The very fast rotation of Haumea has distorted its shape into a trixial ellipsoid. It has two moons named Hiiaka and Namaka. It has a surface temperature of - 241属C
MAKEMAKE Located in the Kuiper belt, Makemake is the second furthest dwarf planet from the sun at 45.8 AU. It was discovered on March 31, 2005 by astronomers at the Palomar Observatory led by Mike Brown. It has a surface temperature of - 239属C. It has a satellite nicknamed MK 2
CERES The only dwarf planet not located in the Kuiper belt, Ceres is located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It was discovered on 1st January 1801 by Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi who also named it. It was first classified as a planet at discovery, then demoted to an asteroid and finally declared a dwarf planet in 2006. Though 14 times smaller than Pluto, Ceres is round because it is large enough for gravity to mold it into a sphere
PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM (an outline of planets and dwarf planets in the solar system)

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PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM (an outline of planets and dwarf planets in the solar system)

  • 1. PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Dr. Basil Bemgba Achie MBBS Ibadan
  • 2. In 2006, The International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined a Planet as follows: A planet is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (a nearly round shape), and (c) has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit. A non-satellite body fulfilling only two of the IAU criteria is classified as a dwarf planet. The IUA recognizes eight known planets. This presentation is an outline of the 8 planets and 5 dwarf planets.
  • 3. THE PLANETS PLANET Surface temp. Orbit distance Orbit period Diameter TERRESTRIAL/ROCKY PLANETS (INNER PLANETS) composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals. 1. MERCURY -173 to 427属C 0.39 AU 87.97 Earth days Polar 4,879 km Equatorial 4,879 km 2. VENUS 462属 C 0.73 AU 224.70 Earth days Polar 12,104 km Equatorial 38,025 km 3. EARTH -88 to 58属 C 149,598,262 km (1 AU) 365.26 Earth days Polar 12,714 km Equatorial 40,030 km 4. MARS -87 to -5 属C 1.38 AU 1.88 Earth years Polar 6,755 km Equatorial 21,297 km
  • 4. PLANET Surface temp. Orbit distance Orbit period Diameter THE GAS GIANTS (OUTER PLANETS) giant planet composed mainly of Hydrogen and Helium. 5. JUPITER -108属C 5.20 AU 11.86 Earth years Polar 133,709 km Equatorial 142,984 km 6. SATURN -139 属C 9.58 AU 29.45 Earth years Polar 108,728 km Equatorial 120,536 km ICE GIANTS (OUTER PLANETS) giant planet composed mainly of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium with freezing points above about 100kelvins such as ammonia, or methane. 7. URANUS -197 属C 19.22 AU 84.02 Earth years Polar 49,946 km Equatorial 51,118 km 8. NEPTUNE -201 属C 30.10 AU 164.79 Earth years Polar 48,682 km Equatorial 49,528 km
  • 5. MERCURY Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, at a distance of 57 million km. It is the smallest planet and second densest after Earth. Mercury has the most drastic average surface temperature variations in the Solar System, from 430 degrees Celsius in the day to as low as minus 180 degrees Celsius at night. Covered in craters from various impacts, it is very similar to Earths moon in size and appearance. NASAs Messenger spacecraft was the first to orbit Mercury in March 2011. It crashed into the planet in 2015 after taking thousands of pictures.
  • 6. VENUS Venus was first recorded by Babylonian astronomers in 14th Century BC. The brightest planet in the solar system, it has a surface temperature of 462属 C. Venus has a thick atmosphere made up of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen. These trap heat making the planet the hottest in the solar system. Venus and Uranus rotate clockwise, East to West (opposite the other planets), Because it is very similar to Earth in
  • 7. EARTH The third planet from the sun, Earth orbits the sun at an average distance of 149 million kilometers or one Astronomical Unit (1 AU) It is the only planet not named after Greek or Roman mythology, The planet revolves around the sun in 365.25 days, ( one Earth year). Only 29% of Earth is covered by land. Of the 71% covered by water, 97% is salt water while 3% is fresh. It is the only place known to harbor life as we know it.
  • 8. MARS The fourth planet from the sun, the Red planet, was named after the Roman god of war. The planet was first observed with a telescope by Galileo Galilei in 1610 Its rusty colour is due to iron-rich minerals in its regolith, which oxidize giving the planet its red colour. Mars is home to the highest mountain (Olympus Mons) and the deepest, longest valley (Valles Marineris) in the Solar System. Its average temperature is minus 60 degrees Celsius.
  • 9. JUPITER Jupiter is the solar systems largest planet. The gas giant contains more than twice the mass of all the other solar system planets combined. The Great Red Spot is its biggest storm and its more than twice the width of planet Earth and has been raging for at least 350 years. The Great Red spot is observed to be shrinking as recent observation show its now just big enough to contain one earth.
  • 10. SATURN Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and has the largest planetary rings. With a polar diameter of 108,728 km, it is the second largest planet after Jupiter The gas giant has a surface temperature of -139 属C It has the lowest density of all the planets and can float on water. The planet is largely made up of methane which gives it a brownish-yellow appearance.
  • 11. URANUS Uranus was discovered on March 13, 1781, by the English astronomer William Herschel with the aid of a telescope. It has been sighted since 128 BC but was always dismissed as a star. Johann Bode first proposed the name Uranus in 1782. It is the coldest planet in the solar system with a surface temperatures dipping to minus 225 degrees Celsius. Uranus rotates on its side, thus, it is called the side ways planet, tilted on its side by about 98%. Its atmosphere is made up of hydrogen, helium and methane.
  • 12. NEPTUNE Neptune is the eighth planet from the sun. Officially discovered in 1846 by Le Verrier and Johann Galle, It is the first planet to be discovered by mathematical calculations and predictions. At an average distance of 30 AU away from the Sun, it is the furthest of the eight planets. Neptune has a surface temperature of -201 属C It is an ice giant, that is, its rocky icy core is proportionally larger than the
  • 13. THE DWARF PLANETS DWARF PLANET Surface temp. Orbit distance Orbit period Diameter 1. PLUTO -229属C 39.26 AU 247.92065 Earth years 2,368 km (+- 20km) 2. ERIS Between 243.2 and 217.2 属C 68 AU 558 Earth years 2,326 km 3. HAUMEA - 241属C 43.13 AU 283.28 Earth Years Equatorial -1,960 km 1,518 km Polar - 996 km 4. MAKEMAKE -239属C 45.79 AU 309.88 Earth Years Equatorial 1,434 km Polar 1,422 km 5. CERES -105属C 2.77 AU 4.60 years 950 km
  • 14. PLUTO Discovered in 1930, by Clyde Tombaugh, Pluto was the ninth planet up until 2006 when it was demoted to dwarf planet status after the IAU defined the term planet. It is made up mostly of ice and rock and is smaller than Earths moon (about one-sixth its mass, and one-third of its volume) It has a surface temperature of - 229属C Average distance from the sun is 39.5 AU
  • 15. ERIS Eris is about the same size as Pluto but has 28% more mass. Located beyond the orbit of Neptune, it is the most distant dwarf planet at an average distance of 68AU. Discovered in 2005 by Mike Brown and his team, it was considered the tenth planet until its demotion to dwarf planet status along with Pluto. Eris orbits the sun in 558 Earth years and has a moon named Dysnomia. It is extremely cold with a surface temperature of between 243.2 and 217.2 属C.
  • 16. HAUMEA Haumea is the fastest rotating dwarf planet The discovery of Haumea in 2004 is disputed between Mike Brown and his team and Jos辿 Luis Ortiz Moreno and his team. The very fast rotation of Haumea has distorted its shape into a trixial ellipsoid. It has two moons named Hiiaka and Namaka. It has a surface temperature of - 241属C
  • 17. MAKEMAKE Located in the Kuiper belt, Makemake is the second furthest dwarf planet from the sun at 45.8 AU. It was discovered on March 31, 2005 by astronomers at the Palomar Observatory led by Mike Brown. It has a surface temperature of - 239属C. It has a satellite nicknamed MK 2
  • 18. CERES The only dwarf planet not located in the Kuiper belt, Ceres is located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It was discovered on 1st January 1801 by Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi who also named it. It was first classified as a planet at discovery, then demoted to an asteroid and finally declared a dwarf planet in 2006. Though 14 times smaller than Pluto, Ceres is round because it is large enough for gravity to mold it into a sphere