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Borrowing Forests, Reaping Disaster: Regulations and practices for borrow-to-use permits for coal mining in East Kalimantan.
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Issues-and-Challenges-in-Participatory-Approach-Management.pptx
Issues-and-Challenges-in-Participatory-Approach-Management.pptxsalvadorgerom3
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Participatory approach Forest Management
Decarbonising shipping in the EU through Emissions Trading System
Decarbonising shipping in the EU through Emissions Trading Systempermagoveu
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Among the biggest challenges facing the shipping industry is how to continue functioning as a major trading route without damaging the environment and warming the planet. To address carbon emissions from maritime transport, the EU included the latter in its Emissions Trading System. Applying to large ships of 5000 gross tonnage and more, the ETS requires ships to cover their emissions by using allowances.
Depending on where the sailing happens, the ETS will apply to either all greenhouse gases emitted during the voyage (if all ports-of-call are in the EU/EEA), or only half of them (if ports-of-call are in the EU/EEA and third countries).
The ETS maritime will be implemented in stages, with a portion of emissions for which ships need to surrender allowances increasing each year: 40% of emissions reported in 2024, 70% of emissions reported in 2025, and finally 100% emissions reported in 2026 onwards.
These EU allowances (EUAs) are basically carbon credits that allow companies to emit a certain amount of CO2e. If verified emissions exceed EUAs, the excess amount needs to be covered by purchasing more EUAs from auctions (e.g. European Energy Exchange) or on secondary markets.
The inclusion of maritime transport in the ETS signals EU’s strong commitment to decarbonising shipping. However, the success of ETS maritime is hindered by institutional barriers identified through our interviews with key industry actors.
There are different kinds of institutional barriers that affect power dynamics between cargo owners (shippers) and vessel owners (shipping companies), and that impact emission-reduction strategies and decision making in the shipping value chain. eseee.pptxhiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
eseee.pptxhiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiSanskritiGupta39
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r protected members of a class. A friend function, despite not being a member of the class, can access the private and protected data of the class in which it is declared as a friend. This functionality is useful in specific scenarios, especially when two or more classes need to share data directly without using getter and setter functions.
This PowerPoint presentation aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the Friend Function through detailed explanations, syntax breakdowns, real-world use cases, and illustrative examples.
The presentation begins with an introduction to encapsulation and data hiding, which are fundamental to understanding the need for friend functions. It explains how classes in C++ typically hide their data from the outside world to protect it from unauthorized access. However, there are cases where controlled access is necessary—for example, when two different classes need to collaborate closely. In such cases, a friend function becomes a bridge that facilitates access without violating the design principles of OOP.
The syntax of declaring a friend function is shown clearly:
cpp
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class ClassName {
friend returnType functionName(arguments);
};
This presentation also explains that friend functions can be:
A normal non-member function.
A member of another class.
A global function.
The slides further illustrate the advantages of using friend functions, such as:
Enabling operator overloading (e.g., << and >>) outside the class.
Facilitating interaction between multiple classes.
Granting selective access to class internals without breaking the overall design integrity.
The concept is made clearer with examples such as overloading the << operator for a class, where a friend function allows the ostream object to access private members of the class for formatted output. Additionally, an example demonstrating a friend function accessing private members of two different classes is included to highlight how friend functions can simplify complex operations.
The presentation also discusses the limitations of friend functions:
They break encapsulation to a certain extent.
They can lead to tight coupling between classes.
Overuse may indicate a design flaw in the architecture.
To solidify the understanding, the PPT includes multiple-choice questions, code snippets, diagrams, and a comparison table between member functions and friend functions. The conclusion reiterates that while friend functions are powerful, they should be used sparingly and only when absolutely necessary.
Overall, this 3000-character presentation offers a well-rounded exploration of the friend function concept in C++. It emphasizes both the theoretical and practical aspects, ensuring that learners not only understand how to use friend functions but also when and why to use them effectively.
Would you like me to turn this into actual PowerPoint slides or provide a summarized version for a single slide?
You said:
generate a ppt Managing Skyrocketing US Electricity Demand: A State and Local Perspective
Managing Skyrocketing US Electricity Demand: A State and Local PerspectiveWorld Resources Institute (WRI)
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Week-1_PPT_Orientation-and-Understanding-the-Concept-of-Community-Immersion.pdf
Week-1_PPT_Orientation-and-Understanding-the-Concept-of-Community-Immersion.pdfangjillianpangilinan
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