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Load Hiding of Household’s Power Demand

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Dominik Egarter
Dominik Egarter

This document discusses techniques for hiding household power loads to protect privacy in smart meter data. It presents two techniques: Battery Load Hiding (BLH) and Load Based Load Hiding (LLH). BLH uses batteries and an inverter to obfuscate total demand but can accurately hide small appliances, while LLH controls appliances like water heaters to hide large loads but does not hide total usage. Both were tested on real household data, with BLH maintaining better accuracy for identifying appliances but being more expensive to implement than LLH. The document concludes that obfuscating data at the household level is needed for privacy and that BLH and LLH each have advantages depending on cost and desired level of privacy for small and large

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1 Load Hiding of Household’s Power Demand IEEE Conference on Smart Grid Communication 2014 (SmartGridComm) Dominik Egarter, Christoph Prokop, Wilfried Elmenreich Smart Grid Group Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt
Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 2 Smart Meters are Watching you?!
Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 3 Today‘s Energy Feedback 4034kWh 3034kWh 5103kWh 4930kWh 3378kWh 6001kWh 4210kWh Energy monitoring unit Annual information: energy costs per year
Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 4 Smart Meter Energy Feedback Energy monitoring unit P t Fine-grained energy data
Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 6 Load Disaggregation t P t P tP t P t • Load disaggregation based approaches to get appliance information
Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 7 Privacy Issues When are you at home? Which appliances do you have? When do you get up usually? Is your coffee machine working correctly? What are you watching in TV? At which times are you at home?
Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 8 • Battery Load Hiding (BLH)  Rechargeable batteries • Load Based Load Hiding (LLH)  Controllable household appliance Load Hiding Techniques Obfuscate
Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 9 Battery Load Hiding (BLH) [1] W. Yang, N. Li, Y. Qi. W. Qardaji. S. McLaughlin. and P. McDaniel. “Minimizing private data disclosures in the smart grid.” in Proceedings of ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 2012. • BLH approach „stepping framework“[1]
Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 10 Load Based Load Hiding (LLH) • By controlling the electric boiler obfuscating the electric power demand
Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 11 Implementation Utility Smart Meter Appliances PFC Boiler Control System Utility Smart Meter Appliances Inverter Battery Control System W
Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 12 • Tested on real data power consumption  GREEND Dataset [2]  7 common household appliances (TV, coffee machine, dishwasher, fridge, vacuum cleaner, water kettle, washing machine) • NILM algorithm performance on obfuscated power draw  NILM approach based on [3] Evaluation [2] A. Monacchi, D. Egarter, W. Elmenreich, S. D’Alessandro, and A. M. Tonello: “GREEND: an energy consumption dataset of households in Italy and Austria.” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm). 2014. [3] D. Egarter, V. P. Bhuvana. and W. Elmenreich: “PALDi: Online Load Disaggregation via particle filtering.” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2014 .
Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 14 LLH BLH Original power draw
Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 15 TV Coffee Machine Dishwasher Fridge Hoover Water Kettle Washing Machine Accuracy 10Ah 0.56 0.99 0.96 0.69 0.99 0.98 0.79 0.84 100Ah 0.41 0.99 0.95 0.55 0.99 0.98 0.89 0.82 600AH 0.05 0.98 0.95 0.5 0.99 0.98 0.71 0.74 Result: NILM Accuracy on Obfuscated Power Draw TV Coffee Machine Dishwasher Fridge Hoover Water Kettle Washing Machine Accuracy 2.5 kWh 0.62 0.98 0.93 0.52 0.98 0.98 0.6 0.8 5 kWh 0.61 0.97 0.95 0.51 0.95 0.98 0.51 0.78 10 kWh 0.6 0.92 0.95 0.51 0.88 0.98 0.43 0.75 TV Coffee Machine Dishwasher Fridge Hoover Water Kettle Washing Machine Accuracy reference 0.6 0.92 0.95 0.51 0.88 0.98 0.43 0.75 BLHLLH
Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 16 BLH LLH Hardware Inverter. Battery. Control Unit. Wiring: costs >1000€ Control unit. temperature sensor: costs <200€ Hide total demand ✔ (better) ✔ Hide small appliances ✔ (better) ✔ Hide big appliances - ✔ Utility ✔ ✗ Comparison
Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 17 • To ensure user privacy. the smart meter data has to be obfuscated at household level • Two possible obfuscating techniques • Battery-Load Hiding • Works well for small appliances, expensive • Load Based Load Hiding • Works for big appliances, cheap Conclusion
18 Dipl.-Ing. Dominik Egarter Klagenfurt University | NES | Smart Grids Lakeside Park B10 | 9020 Klagenfurt | Austria P: +43-463-2700-3654 F: +43-463-2700-3679 E: dominik.egarter@aau.at W: nes.aau.at Thank you for your attention!

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Load Hiding of Household’s Power Demand

  • 1. 1 Load Hiding of Household’s Power Demand IEEE Conference on Smart Grid Communication 2014 (SmartGridComm) Dominik Egarter, Christoph Prokop, Wilfried Elmenreich Smart Grid Group Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt
  • 2. Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 2 Smart Meters are Watching you?!
  • 3. Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 3 Today‘s Energy Feedback 4034kWh 3034kWh 5103kWh 4930kWh 3378kWh 6001kWh 4210kWh Energy monitoring unit Annual information: energy costs per year
  • 4. Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 4 Smart Meter Energy Feedback Energy monitoring unit P t Fine-grained energy data
  • 5. Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 6 Load Disaggregation t P t P tP t P t • Load disaggregation based approaches to get appliance information
  • 6. Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 7 Privacy Issues When are you at home? Which appliances do you have? When do you get up usually? Is your coffee machine working correctly? What are you watching in TV? At which times are you at home?
  • 7. Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 8 • Battery Load Hiding (BLH)  Rechargeable batteries • Load Based Load Hiding (LLH)  Controllable household appliance Load Hiding Techniques Obfuscate
  • 8. Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 9 Battery Load Hiding (BLH) [1] W. Yang, N. Li, Y. Qi. W. Qardaji. S. McLaughlin. and P. McDaniel. “Minimizing private data disclosures in the smart grid.” in Proceedings of ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 2012. • BLH approach „stepping framework“[1]
  • 9. Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 10 Load Based Load Hiding (LLH) • By controlling the electric boiler obfuscating the electric power demand
  • 10. Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 11 Implementation Utility Smart Meter Appliances PFC Boiler Control System Utility Smart Meter Appliances Inverter Battery Control System W
  • 11. Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 12 • Tested on real data power consumption  GREEND Dataset [2]  7 common household appliances (TV, coffee machine, dishwasher, fridge, vacuum cleaner, water kettle, washing machine) • NILM algorithm performance on obfuscated power draw  NILM approach based on [3] Evaluation [2] A. Monacchi, D. Egarter, W. Elmenreich, S. D’Alessandro, and A. M. Tonello: “GREEND: an energy consumption dataset of households in Italy and Austria.” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm). 2014. [3] D. Egarter, V. P. Bhuvana. and W. Elmenreich: “PALDi: Online Load Disaggregation via particle filtering.” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2014 .
  • 12. Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 14 LLH BLH Original power draw
  • 13. Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 15 TV Coffee Machine Dishwasher Fridge Hoover Water Kettle Washing Machine Accuracy 10Ah 0.56 0.99 0.96 0.69 0.99 0.98 0.79 0.84 100Ah 0.41 0.99 0.95 0.55 0.99 0.98 0.89 0.82 600AH 0.05 0.98 0.95 0.5 0.99 0.98 0.71 0.74 Result: NILM Accuracy on Obfuscated Power Draw TV Coffee Machine Dishwasher Fridge Hoover Water Kettle Washing Machine Accuracy 2.5 kWh 0.62 0.98 0.93 0.52 0.98 0.98 0.6 0.8 5 kWh 0.61 0.97 0.95 0.51 0.95 0.98 0.51 0.78 10 kWh 0.6 0.92 0.95 0.51 0.88 0.98 0.43 0.75 TV Coffee Machine Dishwasher Fridge Hoover Water Kettle Washing Machine Accuracy reference 0.6 0.92 0.95 0.51 0.88 0.98 0.43 0.75 BLHLLH
  • 14. Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 16 BLH LLH Hardware Inverter. Battery. Control Unit. Wiring: costs >1000€ Control unit. temperature sensor: costs <200€ Hide total demand ✔ (better) ✔ Hide small appliances ✔ (better) ✔ Hide big appliances - ✔ Utility ✔ ✗ Comparison
  • 15. Load Hiding IEEE SmartGridComm 2014 Dominik Egarter 04| 11 | 2014 17 • To ensure user privacy. the smart meter data has to be obfuscated at household level • Two possible obfuscating techniques • Battery-Load Hiding • Works well for small appliances, expensive • Load Based Load Hiding • Works for big appliances, cheap Conclusion
  • 16. 18 Dipl.-Ing. Dominik Egarter Klagenfurt University | NES | Smart Grids Lakeside Park B10 | 9020 Klagenfurt | Austria P: +43-463-2700-3654 F: +43-463-2700-3679 E: dominik.egarter@aau.at W: nes.aau.at Thank you for your attention!