Centrifugal Pump
Type of pumps
Centrifugal Pump working
Centrifugal Pump calculation
How to choose pump
Characteristics curves
Pump head compensation
Cavitation and NPSH
Priming
Multi stage centrifugal Pump
Pump safety
This document provides information on centrifugal pump classification, installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. It includes classifications based on ANSI/API standards for overhung, between bearing, and vertically suspended pump designs. The document also details maintenance procedures and checklists for pump systems, mechanical components, electrical systems, diesel engines, and more. Common centrifugal pump problems like low flow are addressed along with potential causes such as air leaks, low speed, and high system head.
The document summarizes the basics of pressure relief devices, including why they are required, common components, classification and types. It provides examples of relief scenarios and causes of overpressure. The key steps in relief device sizing calculations are outlined. An example calculation is shown for checking the adequacy of installed relief devices for a reactor system during an emergency relief scenario involving an external fire.
This Presentation is about working principle of Pumps.Basic Presentation regarding pumps , will definitely help beginners to learn pump types , their working , their parts etc.
This document provides an overview of centrifugal compressors. It begins with introductions to potential and kinetic energy as they relate to compression. It then discusses dynamic compressors like centrifugal and axial compressors. The document outlines the major parts of compressors like casings, impellers, diffusers, and seals. It also describes the cooling, lubrication, and safety systems that support compressor operation. Finally, it discusses operating characteristics, configurations like series and parallel, and performance features of compressors.
Centrifugal pumps are rotodynamic pumps that use a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a liquid. The impeller spins and throws liquid outward via centrifugal force, increasing pressure. Key parts include the impeller, casing, suction and delivery pipes. Centrifugal pumps are classified based on impeller shape, working head, number of stages, flow direction, and number of suctions. They work by converting the kinetic energy of the liquid into pressure energy. The minimum speed required for startup depends on the manometric head. Cavitation can occur if the pressure drops below vapor pressure, forming bubbles that collapse and damage surfaces.
Following presentation consist of a fundamental steps that took place during a pump overhaul.
this presentation will give you the basic idea about maintenance .
This document provides an overview of different pump types, including their key components and applications. It discusses the main categories of pumps as either dynamic (centrifugal) or positive displacement. Within centrifugal pumps, it describes the main components of a single-stage pump and different designs such as single-stage, multi-stage, vertical, horizontal, and submersible configurations. The document also discusses pump classifications according to API 610 standards and provides examples of pump types that fall under different classifications such as between bearings pumps, overhung pumps, and vertically suspended pumps. Key industries where different pump types are used such as oil and gas, power generation, and water treatment are also outlined.
Valves are used in piping systems to control flow, pressure, and direction of fluids. The main types of valves are isolation valves, control valves, check valves, pressure regulation valves, and safety valves. Isolation valves open and close to allow or block flow, control valves regulate flow, check valves allow flow in one direction, pressure regulation valves maintain a set pressure, and safety valves relieve excess pressure. Valve selection depends on the application and factors like flow characteristics, operating pressures and temperatures.
This document provides an overview of mechanical seal piping plans used by Flowserve's Flow Solutions Division. It summarizes 14 single seal plans and 8 dual/quench/gas seal plans. Each plan page shows a seal end view diagram, description of what the plan is, why it is used, where it is applicable, and tips for preventative maintenance. The plans provide ways to keep mechanical seals running cleanly and cool through circulation of barrier fluids.
The document discusses different methods of governing steam turbines to maintain a constant rotational speed despite varying loads. Throttle governing reduces steam pressure through a restricted passage before entering the turbine. Nozzle governing opens and closes sets of nozzles to control steam flow. Bypass governing introduces steam into later turbine stages during overloads. Combination governing uses two methods, typically bypass and nozzle. Electro-hydraulic governing uses electronic, hydraulic, and mechanical components to precisely control steam flow and allow synchronization to power grids for load and frequency regulation.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved 100 participants aged 65-80 who were given either the drug or a placebo daily for 6 months. Researchers found that those who received the drug performed significantly better on memory and problem-solving tests at the end of the study compared to those who received the placebo.
Mechanical seals are used to prevent leakage between a rotating pump shaft and casing. They have two flat surfaces, one rotating with the shaft and one stationary. Proper selection of seal type, materials, and cooling method is important for long seal life. The main types are single or multi-spring seals, bellow seals, and seals that are balanced or unbalanced. Factors like pressure, temperature, fluid properties, and available space must be considered.
Heat exchangers are devices that transfer heat between two fluids to control the temperature of one fluid. There are various types of heat exchangers that differ based on their flow arrangement, surface compactness, construction technique, and whether they use direct or indirect contact between fluids. Common examples include shell and tube heat exchangers, which contain multiple tubes in a shell, and plate heat exchangers, which use metal plates to transfer heat. Coaxial heat exchangers consist of an inner corrugated tube within an outer tube to efficiently transfer heat between fluids flowing separately within the tubes.
A pump is a mechanical device that transfers rotational energy to liquid to move it from one place to another. There are two main types of pumps: dynamic and positive displacement. A reciprocating pump is a type of positive displacement pump that uses a piston or plunger to trap and move liquid. A rotary pump also positively displaces liquid but does so continuously rather than reciprocating. A centrifugal pump is a type of dynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to accelerate liquid and convert kinetic energy to pressure energy to move the liquid.
Valves serve various functions in industrial plants including isolation, control, pressure relief, and preventing backflow. There are several types of valves that can be categorized based on their function, including isolation valves like gate valves, globe valves, and butterfly valves used for on/off service. Control valves like top-guided and cage-guided valves are used for modulating or throttling flow in response to process parameters. Pressure relief valves open automatically to protect against overpressure, while check valves allow flow in one direction and prevent reverse flow using swing check, tilt disc, and lift check designs.
Safety valves are automatic pressure relief devices that prevent excessive pressure buildup in systems like reactors, pipelines, and compressors. They open rapidly when pressure exceeds the set point to safely release pressure and reclose once normal pressure is restored. Proper safety valve design and sizing according to codes like API 520 and 526 is critical to ensure the valve can relieve the required flow rate without overpressurizing equipment. Key parameters include pressure conditions, required flow rate, orifice area, and type of valve.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a compressible fluid like air or gas by reducing its volume. It works similarly to a pump but for gases, which are compressible, rather than liquids. There are several types of compressors including reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal, and axial. Centrifugal compressors use rotary impellers to increase the velocity and pressure of a gas by pulling it through a curved casing. Key components include impellers, diffusers, bearings, seals, and casings. Compressors are selected based on various parameters like the gas handled, flow rates, pressures, and temperature.
Pumps are mechanical devices that use kinetic energy to move fluids by decreasing pressure in the pump's suction and increasing pressure in the discharge. There are two main types of pumps: positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and centrifugal pumps which use an impeller to accelerate fluid and increase pressure. Common industrial pumps include centrifugal pumps like axial flow, mixed flow, and vertical turbine pumps as well as positive displacement pumps like reciprocating, screw, and gear pumps. Pumps have components like a casing, impeller, shaft, and seals and are classified according to their method of moving fluid.
Centrifugal compressors work by imparting kinetic energy to a gas stream using an impeller, converting the dynamic energy into increased static pressure. They have advantages like high throughput capacity and efficiency over a wide operating range, but also disadvantages like discharge pressure limitations. Key components include impellers, diffusers, volutes, casings, shafts, bearings, and seals. Surge, a dangerous condition where flow reverses rapidly, must be controlled. Compressors can operate alone or in multi-stage arrangements with intercoolers. Common drivers are steam turbines, electric motors, and gas turbines.
The document provides details on 14 mechanical seal piping plans ranging from single seal designs (Plans 01-14, 21-23, 31-32, 41) to dual seal designs (Plans 52-54) and specialized designs including quench seals (Plans 62, 65), gas seals (Plans 72, 74-76), and unpressurized and pressurized buffer fluid circulation systems. Each plan is accompanied by descriptions of its key features and considerations for preventative maintenance.
This document provides information about industrial air compressors. It discusses the key differences between pumps and compressors, with compressors being able to compress gases by decreasing their volume and increasing pressure. Compressed air is widely used in industrial processes due to properties like its elastic nature and non-toxicity. The document then describes the working principles of positive displacement and dynamic compressors. It provides details on types of positive displacement compressors like reciprocating, screw, and vane compressors. Reciprocating compressors are explained in depth, covering components like cylinders, pistons, crankshafts and valves.
Basics of centrifugal. Topics covered are operating principles, energy conversion, components in centrifugal pump, the concept of NPSH, pump rating calculation and affinity laws
John Crane gas seals provide maximum reliability through ensuring a clean and dry seal environment. Key factors include filtering the gas to 1 micron, using coalescing filters to remove liquids, heating the gas above hydrate and liquid formation points, and using an SEPro system to provide heated filtered gas to the seals during shutdown periods. It is also important to properly monitor the outer barrier seal, ensure adequate separation from bearing oil, and have the OEM test the job seal system to validate performance matches duty conditions.
Valves are mechanical devices that regulate fluid flow by stopping, starting, throttling, and directing fluid movement. The main components of a valve include the body, bonnet, stem, disc, seat, and actuator. Valves are classified by their function as on/off, regulating, or protective. Common industrial valves include ball, gate, globe, butterfly, check, and diaphragm valves. Selection depends on the fluid, pressure, temperature, flow characteristics, and other criteria. Valve standards are set by organizations like API, ASME, and ANSI.
This document discusses different types of pumps, including their classifications, characteristics, applications, and performance. It describes hydrodynamic/non-positive displacement pumps, which use flow to transfer fluid at relatively low pressure and are generally used for low pressure, high volume applications. It also describes hydrostatic/positive displacement pumps, which have close-fitting components and can create high pressures, making them self-priming. Specific positive displacement pump types like gear, vane, piston and centrifugal pumps are examined in terms of their applications and operating principles. Pump efficiencies including volumetric, mechanical and overall efficiency are also covered.
This document provides formulas and explanations for key parameters in centrifugal pump performance including head, flow rate, power, efficiency, specific speed, suction specific speed, and affinity laws. These formulas and concepts are used to evaluate pump performance, troubleshoot issues, estimate operating points, protect from cavitation, select suitable seals, and implement control systems. Symbols are defined for pressure, power, flow rate, speed, voltage, current, and efficiency.
Process furnaces are widely used in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants to generate heat through the combustion of fuels. This heat is transferred to process fluids inside coil tubes and can range from a few thousand to a few million MW. Common applications include crude distillation units and reaction heaters containing catalysts. Furnaces come in various designs like vertical cylindrical, box type, or cabin furnaces and must maximize heat transfer while minimizing emissions and fuel consumption. Burners, refractory, insulation and controls are important components that require consideration for optimal furnace performance.
The document outlines 40 duties of a safety officer which include:
1) Monitoring hazardous situations and making recommendations to avoid risks.
2) Ensuring personnel safety, developing protective measures, and ensuring safe equipment operation.
3) Correcting unsafe acts, conducting investigations, and enforcing safety regulations.
The safety officer is responsible for a wide range of health and safety tasks including hazard identification, safety training, accident investigation, and ensuring compliance with regulations. Their overall goal is to maintain a safe work environment and protect all employees and visitors from injury.
Valves are used in piping systems to control flow, pressure, and direction of fluids. The main types of valves are isolation valves, control valves, check valves, pressure regulation valves, and safety valves. Isolation valves open and close to allow or block flow, control valves regulate flow, check valves allow flow in one direction, pressure regulation valves maintain a set pressure, and safety valves relieve excess pressure. Valve selection depends on the application and factors like flow characteristics, operating pressures and temperatures.
This document provides an overview of mechanical seal piping plans used by Flowserve's Flow Solutions Division. It summarizes 14 single seal plans and 8 dual/quench/gas seal plans. Each plan page shows a seal end view diagram, description of what the plan is, why it is used, where it is applicable, and tips for preventative maintenance. The plans provide ways to keep mechanical seals running cleanly and cool through circulation of barrier fluids.
The document discusses different methods of governing steam turbines to maintain a constant rotational speed despite varying loads. Throttle governing reduces steam pressure through a restricted passage before entering the turbine. Nozzle governing opens and closes sets of nozzles to control steam flow. Bypass governing introduces steam into later turbine stages during overloads. Combination governing uses two methods, typically bypass and nozzle. Electro-hydraulic governing uses electronic, hydraulic, and mechanical components to precisely control steam flow and allow synchronization to power grids for load and frequency regulation.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved 100 participants aged 65-80 who were given either the drug or a placebo daily for 6 months. Researchers found that those who received the drug performed significantly better on memory and problem-solving tests at the end of the study compared to those who received the placebo.
Mechanical seals are used to prevent leakage between a rotating pump shaft and casing. They have two flat surfaces, one rotating with the shaft and one stationary. Proper selection of seal type, materials, and cooling method is important for long seal life. The main types are single or multi-spring seals, bellow seals, and seals that are balanced or unbalanced. Factors like pressure, temperature, fluid properties, and available space must be considered.
Heat exchangers are devices that transfer heat between two fluids to control the temperature of one fluid. There are various types of heat exchangers that differ based on their flow arrangement, surface compactness, construction technique, and whether they use direct or indirect contact between fluids. Common examples include shell and tube heat exchangers, which contain multiple tubes in a shell, and plate heat exchangers, which use metal plates to transfer heat. Coaxial heat exchangers consist of an inner corrugated tube within an outer tube to efficiently transfer heat between fluids flowing separately within the tubes.
A pump is a mechanical device that transfers rotational energy to liquid to move it from one place to another. There are two main types of pumps: dynamic and positive displacement. A reciprocating pump is a type of positive displacement pump that uses a piston or plunger to trap and move liquid. A rotary pump also positively displaces liquid but does so continuously rather than reciprocating. A centrifugal pump is a type of dynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to accelerate liquid and convert kinetic energy to pressure energy to move the liquid.
Valves serve various functions in industrial plants including isolation, control, pressure relief, and preventing backflow. There are several types of valves that can be categorized based on their function, including isolation valves like gate valves, globe valves, and butterfly valves used for on/off service. Control valves like top-guided and cage-guided valves are used for modulating or throttling flow in response to process parameters. Pressure relief valves open automatically to protect against overpressure, while check valves allow flow in one direction and prevent reverse flow using swing check, tilt disc, and lift check designs.
Safety valves are automatic pressure relief devices that prevent excessive pressure buildup in systems like reactors, pipelines, and compressors. They open rapidly when pressure exceeds the set point to safely release pressure and reclose once normal pressure is restored. Proper safety valve design and sizing according to codes like API 520 and 526 is critical to ensure the valve can relieve the required flow rate without overpressurizing equipment. Key parameters include pressure conditions, required flow rate, orifice area, and type of valve.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a compressible fluid like air or gas by reducing its volume. It works similarly to a pump but for gases, which are compressible, rather than liquids. There are several types of compressors including reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal, and axial. Centrifugal compressors use rotary impellers to increase the velocity and pressure of a gas by pulling it through a curved casing. Key components include impellers, diffusers, bearings, seals, and casings. Compressors are selected based on various parameters like the gas handled, flow rates, pressures, and temperature.
Pumps are mechanical devices that use kinetic energy to move fluids by decreasing pressure in the pump's suction and increasing pressure in the discharge. There are two main types of pumps: positive displacement pumps which move a fixed volume of fluid with each cycle, and centrifugal pumps which use an impeller to accelerate fluid and increase pressure. Common industrial pumps include centrifugal pumps like axial flow, mixed flow, and vertical turbine pumps as well as positive displacement pumps like reciprocating, screw, and gear pumps. Pumps have components like a casing, impeller, shaft, and seals and are classified according to their method of moving fluid.
Centrifugal compressors work by imparting kinetic energy to a gas stream using an impeller, converting the dynamic energy into increased static pressure. They have advantages like high throughput capacity and efficiency over a wide operating range, but also disadvantages like discharge pressure limitations. Key components include impellers, diffusers, volutes, casings, shafts, bearings, and seals. Surge, a dangerous condition where flow reverses rapidly, must be controlled. Compressors can operate alone or in multi-stage arrangements with intercoolers. Common drivers are steam turbines, electric motors, and gas turbines.
The document provides details on 14 mechanical seal piping plans ranging from single seal designs (Plans 01-14, 21-23, 31-32, 41) to dual seal designs (Plans 52-54) and specialized designs including quench seals (Plans 62, 65), gas seals (Plans 72, 74-76), and unpressurized and pressurized buffer fluid circulation systems. Each plan is accompanied by descriptions of its key features and considerations for preventative maintenance.
This document provides information about industrial air compressors. It discusses the key differences between pumps and compressors, with compressors being able to compress gases by decreasing their volume and increasing pressure. Compressed air is widely used in industrial processes due to properties like its elastic nature and non-toxicity. The document then describes the working principles of positive displacement and dynamic compressors. It provides details on types of positive displacement compressors like reciprocating, screw, and vane compressors. Reciprocating compressors are explained in depth, covering components like cylinders, pistons, crankshafts and valves.
Basics of centrifugal. Topics covered are operating principles, energy conversion, components in centrifugal pump, the concept of NPSH, pump rating calculation and affinity laws
John Crane gas seals provide maximum reliability through ensuring a clean and dry seal environment. Key factors include filtering the gas to 1 micron, using coalescing filters to remove liquids, heating the gas above hydrate and liquid formation points, and using an SEPro system to provide heated filtered gas to the seals during shutdown periods. It is also important to properly monitor the outer barrier seal, ensure adequate separation from bearing oil, and have the OEM test the job seal system to validate performance matches duty conditions.
Valves are mechanical devices that regulate fluid flow by stopping, starting, throttling, and directing fluid movement. The main components of a valve include the body, bonnet, stem, disc, seat, and actuator. Valves are classified by their function as on/off, regulating, or protective. Common industrial valves include ball, gate, globe, butterfly, check, and diaphragm valves. Selection depends on the fluid, pressure, temperature, flow characteristics, and other criteria. Valve standards are set by organizations like API, ASME, and ANSI.
This document discusses different types of pumps, including their classifications, characteristics, applications, and performance. It describes hydrodynamic/non-positive displacement pumps, which use flow to transfer fluid at relatively low pressure and are generally used for low pressure, high volume applications. It also describes hydrostatic/positive displacement pumps, which have close-fitting components and can create high pressures, making them self-priming. Specific positive displacement pump types like gear, vane, piston and centrifugal pumps are examined in terms of their applications and operating principles. Pump efficiencies including volumetric, mechanical and overall efficiency are also covered.
This document provides formulas and explanations for key parameters in centrifugal pump performance including head, flow rate, power, efficiency, specific speed, suction specific speed, and affinity laws. These formulas and concepts are used to evaluate pump performance, troubleshoot issues, estimate operating points, protect from cavitation, select suitable seals, and implement control systems. Symbols are defined for pressure, power, flow rate, speed, voltage, current, and efficiency.
Process furnaces are widely used in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants to generate heat through the combustion of fuels. This heat is transferred to process fluids inside coil tubes and can range from a few thousand to a few million MW. Common applications include crude distillation units and reaction heaters containing catalysts. Furnaces come in various designs like vertical cylindrical, box type, or cabin furnaces and must maximize heat transfer while minimizing emissions and fuel consumption. Burners, refractory, insulation and controls are important components that require consideration for optimal furnace performance.
The document outlines 40 duties of a safety officer which include:
1) Monitoring hazardous situations and making recommendations to avoid risks.
2) Ensuring personnel safety, developing protective measures, and ensuring safe equipment operation.
3) Correcting unsafe acts, conducting investigations, and enforcing safety regulations.
The safety officer is responsible for a wide range of health and safety tasks including hazard identification, safety training, accident investigation, and ensuring compliance with regulations. Their overall goal is to maintain a safe work environment and protect all employees and visitors from injury.
This document discusses the 5S methodology for organizing and standardizing a workspace. The 5S principles are Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize, and Sustain. They involve removing unnecessary items, properly storing and labeling necessary items, cleaning the area, establishing standard work procedures, and sustaining the improvements. Examples show how applying 5S principles can transform disorganized areas like warehouses, tool sheds, production areas, and offices into clean, efficient workspaces where everything has a clear place and is easy to find.
Effluent Treatment Plant
What is ETP
Need fo ETP
Design of ETP
Design of ETP
Sludge treatment process
Flowchart of ETP
Case study of ETP
ETP plant operation
Textile plant ETP
Equalization
Sedimentation
Settlers
Sludge treatment process
Flowchart of ETP
Case study of ETP
ETP plant operation
Textile plant ETP
Equalization
Sedimentation
Settlers
PH adjustment
Rotating equipment maintenance.
PUMPS
COMPRESSORS
AGITATORS
FANS / BLOWERS
TURBINES
VACUUM PUMPS
VALVES
Type of Seals
Stuffing
SINGLE MECHANICAL SEAL Pusher Type
Bellows Mechanical Seal
Double Mechanical Seal
Steam traps are automatic valves that drain condensate and non-condensable gases from steam systems without allowing steam to escape. There are several types of steam traps that operate using different mechanisms: mechanical traps use float devices or inverted buckets, thermostatic traps detect temperature differences, and thermodynamic traps use pressure changes from steam flashing to condensate. Proper steam trap selection depends on the application needs such as venting air, operating pressure, load size, and resistance to freezing or dirt.
Steam ejector working principle
An ejector is a device used to suck the gas or vapour from the desired vessel or system. An ejector is similar to an of vacuum pump or compressor. The major difference between the ejector and the vacuum pump or compressor is it had no moving parts. Hence it is relatively low-cost and easy to operate and maintenance free equipment.
This document contains rules of thumb and guidelines for sizing and designing various process equipment used in oil and gas facilities. It includes sections on separation equipment, heat exchangers, treating systems, fluid flow, fractionation, combustion equipment, physical properties, and compressors/pumps. The document provides preliminary sizing equations, design practices, and considerations for various unit operations.
Piping and Instrument Diagram
Piping and Instrument Diagram Standard Symbols Detailed Documentation provides a standard set of shapes & symbols for documenting P&ID and PFD,
including standard shapes of instrument, valves, pump, heating exchanges, mixers, crushers, vessels, compressors, filters, motors and connecting shapes.
Permit To Work
Types of Permit To Work
Hot Work Permit
Confined Space Entry Permit
Electrical Permit
Excavation Permit
Radiography Permit
Crane Critical Lifts Permit
Man Basket Operation
Permit Issuer Responsibilities
Permit Receiver Responsibilities
HSE Permit Coordinator
Responsibilities
Revalidation of the Permit
Work Permit Flow Chart
Heat exchangers
TUBE AND SHELL
PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER
FLOW OF ARRANGEMENT
REGENERATIVE HEAT EXCHANGER
log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method
EFFECTIVENESS OF HEAT EXCHANGER
The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon through Earth's biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, living things, oceans, soil, and rocks through various biological, chemical, and geological processes. The two main carbon cycles are the geological cycle, which operates over millions of years, and the biological/physical cycle, which operates over days to thousands of years and involves photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have disrupted the natural carbon cycle by releasing stored carbon into the atmosphere at a faster rate than natural processes can recapture it.
The document describes the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur cycles in soils. For each cycle it lists the main inputs to soils including fertilizers, crop residues, and manures. It also lists the main outputs from soils as crop harvest, runoff, erosion, and leaching. Each cycle converts nutrients between organic and inorganic forms that plants can take up from the soil solution or exchange sites.
The document describes the water cycle. Water evaporates from seas and forms clouds when heated by the sun. The water vapor condenses as it rises and cools in the air, forming precipitation like rain or snow. Precipitation falls back to land and seas, completing the cycle as the water returns to where it was evaporated from.
This PPT covers the index and engineering properties of soil. It includes details on index properties, along with their methods of determination. Various important terms related to soil behavior are explained in detail. The presentation also outlines the experimental procedures for determining soil properties such as water content, specific gravity, plastic limit, and liquid limit, along with the necessary calculations and graph plotting. Additionally, it provides insights to understand the importance of these properties in geotechnical engineering applications.
Integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with IoT : A Smart Manufacturing A...ASHISHDESAI85
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Combining 3D printing with Internet of Things (IoT) enables the creation of smart, connected, and customizable objects that can monitor, control, and optimize their performance, potentially revolutionizing various industries. oT-enabled 3D printers can use sensors to monitor the quality of prints during the printing process. If any defects or deviations from the desired specifications are detected, the printer can adjust its parameters in real time to ensure that the final product meets the required standards.
Optimization of Cumulative Energy, Exergy Consumption and Environmental Life ...J. Agricultural Machinery
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Optimal use of resources, including energy, is one of the most important principles in modern and sustainable agricultural systems. Exergy analysis and life cycle assessment were used to study the efficient use of inputs, energy consumption reduction, and various environmental effects in the corn production system in Lorestan province, Iran. The required data were collected from farmers in Lorestan province using random sampling. The Cobb-Douglas equation and data envelopment analysis were utilized for modeling and optimizing cumulative energy and exergy consumption (CEnC and CExC) and devising strategies to mitigate the environmental impacts of corn production. The Cobb-Douglas equation results revealed that electricity, diesel fuel, and N-fertilizer were the major contributors to CExC in the corn production system. According to the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) results, the average efficiency of all farms in terms of CExC was 94.7% in the CCR model and 97.8% in the BCC model. Furthermore, the results indicated that there was excessive consumption of inputs, particularly potassium and phosphate fertilizers. By adopting more suitable methods based on DEA of efficient farmers, it was possible to save 6.47, 10.42, 7.40, 13.32, 31.29, 3.25, and 6.78% in the exergy consumption of diesel fuel, electricity, machinery, chemical fertilizers, biocides, seeds, and irrigation, respectively.
Indian Soil Classification System in Geotechnical EngineeringRajani Vyawahare
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This PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Indian Soil Classification System, widely used in geotechnical engineering for identifying and categorizing soils based on their properties. It covers essential aspects such as particle size distribution, sieve analysis, and Atterberg consistency limits, which play a crucial role in determining soil behavior for construction and foundation design. The presentation explains the classification of soil based on particle size, including gravel, sand, silt, and clay, and details the sieve analysis experiment used to determine grain size distribution. Additionally, it explores the Atterberg consistency limits, such as the liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit, along with a plasticity chart to assess soil plasticity and its impact on engineering applications. Furthermore, it discusses the Indian Standard Soil Classification (IS 1498:1970) and its significance in construction, along with a comparison to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). With detailed explanations, graphs, charts, and practical applications, this presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, civil engineers, and researchers in the field of geotechnical engineering.
Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any ch...dhanashree78
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Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.
Household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are common sources of air pollution. Pollutants of major public health concern include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Outdoor and indoor air pollution cause respiratory and other diseases and are important sources of morbidity and mortality.
WHO data show that almost all of the global population (99%) breathe air that exceeds WHO guideline limits and contains high levels of pollutants, with low- and middle-income countries suffering from the highest exposures.
Air quality is closely linked to the earth’s climate and ecosystems globally. Many of the drivers of air pollution (i.e. combustion of fossil fuels) are also sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Policies to reduce air pollution, therefore, offer a win-win strategy for both climate and health, lowering the burden of disease attributable to air pollution, as well as contributing to the near- and long-term mitigation of climate change.
Welcome to the March 2025 issue of WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group WIPAC Monthly.
In this month's edition, on top of the month's news from the water industry we cover subjects from the intelligent use of wastewater networks, the use of machine learning in water quality as well as how, we as an industry, need to develop the skills base in developing areas such as Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence.
Enjoy the latest edition