Quantifier part 2
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This document discusses numerals and quantifiers in terms of sets and relations. It explains that numerals, like quantifiers, denote relations between sets rather than statements about words. When used with quantifiers, one set establishes the domain being referred to as the restriction, while the other set is the main predicate called the scope. For sentences with quantifiers, the restriction set identifies the entities being discussed, while the scope set is what the quantifier relates the restriction set to.
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This document discusses morphology and how new words are formed. It covers several ways that morphemes can be organized within words, including prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. It then provides examples of affixation and reduplication to derive new words. Additional methods of word formation discussed include compounds, shortenings, acronyms, blends, and back formations. Exercises are included to analyze word morphology and increase vocabulary.Week 7 morphology (part 3)
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This document discusses morphemes, which are the smallest units of meaning in language. It provides examples of words that can and cannot be divided into multiple morphemes. Most words contain more than one morpheme. Morphemes can be free-standing or bound within words. Certain bound morphemes called derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category or meaning of words. Examples are provided of derivational morphemes that change nouns into adjectives or verbs. The document also distinguishes between morphemes and syllables.Week 8 deixis
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Deixis refers to the use of pronouns, demonstratives, and other expressions that indicate spatial, temporal, or personal orientation. There are several types of deixis, including personal deixis which uses pronouns like "I" and "you" to orient utterances to speakers and listeners. Spatial deixis uses demonstratives like "this" and "that" and adverbs like "here" and "there" to indicate orientation in space. Temporal deixis marks orientation in time through expressions like "now", "tomorrow", and "last year". Textual deixis orients utterances with respect to other utterances in a text through references like "that".Week 7 tense and modality -continue
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The document discusses various categories of meaning associated with function words and morphemes, including tense, modality, and reference. Tense can be expressed through bound morphemes like -s or -ed, or additional words. Modality conveys attitude towards truth or obligation/permission. Reference concerns whether linguistic expressions refer to real world entities; referential expressions do, while nonreferential ones do not.Introduction to linguistics assessment schedule
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- 1. PREVIOUS CLASSPredicates: Denote relations between individuals
- 2. Lexical relations dont make very informative statements about the world. Quantifiers: Like lexical relations claiming a relation between two sets.
- 3. Not statements about the meaning of words but claims about the situation in the world.
- 4. NUMERALSThe same thing can be said about numerals. Five planets are visible to the naked eye.This statement indicates that there are five objects which both are planets and are visible to the naked eye.Put differently, the set of planets and the set of things which are visible to the naked eye have an intersection, and that intersectioncontains exactly five elements.
- 5. NumeralsThe denotation of the numeral five is a relation between sets. that is, all the ordered pairs of sets whose intersection has five elements. The set of planets and the set of visible objects is one such pair. Another pair: Five students passed the course
- 6. NUMERALSSpecify the conditions which the two sets must satisfy for the sentence to be true. (a) All planes are fuelled. A = set of planes, B = set of entities which contain fuel. (a) A is a subset of B.NUMERALSFour planes are fuelled.A = set of planes, B = set of entities which contain fuel. The intersection of A and B (A B) contains four individuals.
- 7. NumeralsAll four planes are fuelled. A = set of planes, B = set of entities which contain fuel.
- 8. A is a subset of B and A B contains four individuals.
- 9. NUMERALSNo planes are fuelled.A = set of planes, B = set of entities which contain fuel. A and B are disjoint (no intersection).RESTRICTION AND SCOPE(a) All students were tired.
- 10. (b) Some students were thirsty.
- 11. (c) No students were revising. Which students are being talked about inthese sentences?
- 12. Restriction and scopeNot all the students in the world.
- 13. The sentences refer to the students in a particular situation, a group who can be readily picked out by the intended hearer (or reader) of the sentence.
- 14. The second set doesnt seem to have this effect. We dont have to know anything about the whole set of tired entities, thirsty entities or revising entities in order to understand the sentence.
- 15. RESTRICTION AND SCOPEThus when the sets are related by a quantifier they have different roles. The first entity establishes what entities we are talking about.
- 16. It is known as the RESTRICTION set.
- 17. The second set is the main predicate of the sentence.
- 18. RESTRICTION AND SCOPEJohn was awake. In this sentence the predicate is awake.
- 19. The predicate awake has an individual as its argument. awake(john)RESTRICTION AND SCOPENo students were awake. The predicate awake has the same function in this sentence. When we are dealing with quantifiers, this second set is known as the SCOPE of the quantifier.RESTRICTION AND SCOPE If we treat quantifiers as relations between sets, then we have three things: The quantifier itself
- 20. The restriction
- 21. And the scope. No students were awake.Quantifier: no. Restriction: set of students. Scope: set of awake entities
- 22. summaryNumerals: the same denotation as quantifiers. Restriction of a quantifier
- 23. Scope of a quantifier.