Relative clauses
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The document discusses relative clauses, which provide additional context about a person or thing mentioned in a sentence. The main relative pronouns are who, which, that, whose, whom, and where. Relative clauses can be essential to the meaning of a sentence or non-essential by being set off with commas. Relative pronouns must be used correctly depending on if they refer to people or things. When used with prepositions, the preposition typically goes at the end of the relative clause.
Relative clauses
- 1. RELATIVE CLAUSES TYPES AND USES
- 2. RELATIVE CLAUSES What information do you need to fully understand these sentences in its context? The map is lost. The book is not here. You must do the exercise. *I want to go to the place. Williams wants to listen to the song again. *I remember the time. *I saw the person again.
- 3. RELATIVE CLAUSES What information do you need to fully understand these sentences in its context? The map which you gave me is lost. The book is not here. You must do the exercise. *I want to go to the place. Williams wants to listen to the song again. *I remember the time. *I saw the person again.
- 4. RELATIVE CLAUSES What information do you need to fully understand these sentences in its context? The map which you gave me is lost. The book I need is not here. You must do the exercise. *I want to go to the place. Williams wants to listen to the song again. *I remember the time. *I saw the person again.
- 5. RELATIVE CLAUSES What information do you need to fully understand these sentences in its context? The map which you gave me is lost. The book I need is not here. You must do the exercise that he told you. *I want to go to the place. Williams wants to listen to the song again. *I remember the time. *I saw the person again.
- 6. RELATIVE CLAUSES What information do you need to fully understand these sentences in its context? The map which you gave me is lost. The book I need is not here. You must do the exercise that he told you. I want to go to the place where I was born. Williams wants to listen to the song again. *I remember the time. *I saw the person again.
- 7. RELATIVE CLAUSES What information do you need to fully understand these sentences in its context? The map which you gave me is lost. The book I need is not here. You must do the exercise that he told you. I want to go to the place where I was born. Williams wants to listen to the song we played again. *I remember the time. *I saw the person again.
- 8. RELATIVE CLAUSES What information do you need to fully understand these sentences in its context? The map which you gave me is lost. The book I need is not here. You must do the exercise that he told you. I want to go to the place where I was born. Williams wants to listen to the song we played again. I remember the time I spent with you. *I saw the person again.
- 9. RELATIVE CLAUSES What information do you need to fully understand these sentences in its context? The map which you gave me is lost. The book I need is not here. You must do the exercise that he told you. I want to go to the place where I was born. Williams wants to listen to the song we played again. I remember the time I spent with you. I saw the person we met yesterday again.
- 10. RELATIVE CLAUSES The phrases in blue are called relative clauses. They are usually introduced by words called relative pronouns. The main relative pronouns are:
- 11. RELATIVE CLAUSES Who Which That Whose Whom 'Who' refers to people (quien/es, el cual, la cual, los cuales...) 'Which' refers to non-animated things (que, el cual, la cual...) Where 'That' can take the place of 'who' or 'which' 'Whom' refers to people and functions as an object When 'Whose' has a possessive meaning (cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas). 'Where' expresses 'the place in which' 'When' means 'the moment in which' Some examples
- 12. RELATIVE CLAUSES The science exam which/that I passed was extremely hard. The car which/that crashed into the shop window was driven by a 12-year-old boy. The policewoman who/that saw me drinking whiskey is my mum's friend. I'm so ashamed! Stratford-upon-Avon is the town where/in which William Shakespeare was born.
- 13. RELATIVE CLAUSES As you may have noticed, the information given by the relative clause is necessary to fully understand the sentences. Some of them would be incorrect without the clause. So, we may say that the relative clause is necessary. There is no change in the intonation of the relative clause in the previous examples. But let's see the same examples with a few changes:
- 14. RELATIVE CLAUSES The science exam, which I passed, was extremely hard. The car, which was like mine, was driven by a 12-year-old boy. Mr Freeman, who lives next door, is my mum's friend. Oslo, which is the capital of Norway, is a lovely city. Picadilly Circus, where a lot of young people gathered, became a hot spot in the 60s.
- 15. RELATIVE CLAUSES The relative clauses between commas are pronounced with a change of intonation. They are not an essential part of the information, but a comment added to the main sentence. So, if we elide them, the sentences are still full, correct sentences. Some examples
- 16. RELATIVE CLAUSES The science exam was extremely hard; The car was driven by a 12-year-old boy; Mr Freeman is my mum's friend; Oslo is a lovely city and Picadilly Circus became a hot spot in the 60s
- 17. RELATIVE CLAUSES Relatives and prepositions
- 18. RELATIVE CLAUSES Relatives and prepositions The most frequent model of relative with preposition places the preposition at the end of the sentence. In this case, the relative pronouns chosen must be which or who. The world which you dream of does not exist, darling. The girl who you are looking at is my sister.