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REST Presentation

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Sarwajit Kumar

Web services allow programs to communicate over the web through APIs and make requests to access resources and services. There are two main types - SOAP-based and RESTful web services. RESTful services use HTTP methods like GET and POST to operate on resources identified through URIs. They transfer representations of resources in formats like JSON and XML. A key REST principle is that resources are accessed through a uniform interface, with clients requesting state transfers of representations through stateless operations.

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Presentation on Web Services- REST Architecture Sarwajit Kumar
What are the Web Services ? 2 Application Programming Interfaces (API) Request Services REST Architecture SOA Architecture OASIS World Wide Web Consortium (W3C )
What is Web Services ? 3 Web Services are evolving, middleware platform that facilitate program-to-program interactions. A service is a software entity that can be discovered and invoked by other software systems. Definition from standardization body W3C : A Web service is a software system identified by a URI, whose public interfaces and bindings are defined and described using XML. Its definition can be discovered by other software systems.These systems may then interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed by its definition, using XML based messages conveyed by internet protocols. Web services are self contained, self describing, modular applications that can be published, located, and invoked across the web. Web services perform functions, which can be anything from simple requests to complicated business processes".
4 Example : Web-Based Purchase
5 How does a Web Service Work ? The client sends a request Request encoded in XML Function (GET, POST) in the file The server decodes the file The function is executed A new XML file is encoded and re-send to the client Clients and servers communicate over the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
6 Types of Web Services Can be classified as Big web services and RESTful web services. Big web services are based on SOAP standard and often contain a WSDL to describe the interface that the web service offers. Big web services includes architecture to address complex non-functional requirements like transactions, security, addressing, trust, coordination, and also handles asynchronous processing and invocation. SOAP based Web Services is a great solution when you need, Asynchronous processing Reliability Stateful operations
7 RESTful Web Services REST is a term coined by Roy Fielding to describe an architecture style of networked systems. REST is an acronym standing for Representational State Transfer. It is an architectural pattern for developing web services as opposed to a specification. "Representational State Transfer is intended to evoke an image of how a well-designed Web application behaves: a network of web pages (a virtual state-machine), where the user progresses through an application by selecting links (state transitions), resulting in the next page (representing the next state of the application) being transferred to the user and rendered for their use." Roy Fielding... REST web services communicate over the HTTP specification, using HTTP vocabulary: Methods (GET, POST, etc.) HTTP URI syntax (paths, parameters, etc.) Media types (xml, json, html, plain text, etc) HTTP Response codes.
8 Introduction to REST Representational Clients possess the information necessary to identify, modify, and/or delete a web resource. State All resource state information is stored on the client. Transfer Client state is passed from the client to the service through HTTP. The six characteristics of REST: Uniform interface Decoupled client-server interaction Stateless Cacheable Layered Extensible through code on demand (optional). * Services that do not conform to the above required constraints are not strictly RESTful web services.
Example : Web-Based Reservation Service 9 Suppose now the airline (AirIndia.com) wants to provide a Web reservation service for customers to make flight reservations through the Web. There are two main approaches to implementing the Web reservation service. Approach 1 One-Stop Shopping
Continued... 10 Approach 1 Diadvantages : There is currently no industry accepted practice (rules) for expressing priorities. It violates Tim Berners-Lee Web Design, Axiom 0 (all resources on the Web must be uniquely identified with a URI). Approach 2: URLs are Cheap! Use Them!
11 Continued... Approach 2 Advantages : The different URLs are discoverable by search engines and UDDI registries. There is no need to introduce rules. Priorities are elevated to the level of a URL. "What you see is what you get." It's easy to understand what each service does simply by examining the URL, i.e., it exploits the Principle of Least Surprise. It's easy to implement high priority - simply assign a fast machine at the premier member URL. There is no bottleneck and consistent with Axiom 0.
12 RESTful Web Services : HTTP and REST HTTP-REST Request Basics The HTTP request is sent from the client. Identifies the location of a resource. Specifies the verb, or HTTP method to use when accessing the resource. Supplies optional request headers (name-value pairs) that provide additional information the server may need when processing the request. Supplies an optional request body that identifies additional data to be uploaded to the server HTTP-REST Request Basics The HTTP response is sent from the server. Gives the status of the processed request.
13 Continued... Supplies response headers (name-value pairs) that provide additional information about the response. Supplies an optional response body that identifies additional data to be downloaded to the client A REST service framework provides a controller for routing HTTP requests to a request handler according to: The HTTP method used (e.g. GET, POST) Supplied path information (e.g /service/listItems) Query, form, and path parameters Headers, cookies, etc.
14 Main Concepts Nouns (Resources) unconstrained i.e., http://example.com/employees/12345 REST Verbs constrained i.e., GET Representations constrained i.e., XML
Resources 15 The key abstraction of information in REST is a resource. A resource is a conceptual mapping to a set of entities Represented with a global identifier (URI in HTTP) http://www.boeing.com/aircraft/747 REST uses URI to identify resources http://localhost/classes http://localhost/classes/cs2650 http://localhost/classes/cs2650/students As we traverse the path from more generic to more specific, we are navigating the data.
16 Verbs Represent the actions to be performed on resources HTTP GET How clients ask for the information they seek. HTTP POST HTTP POST creates a resource HTTP PUT HTTP PUT updates a resource HTTP DELETE Removes the resource identified by the URI
17 Representations How data is represented or returned to the client for presentation Two main formats: JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) XML It is common to have multiple representations of the same data XML <COURSE> <ID>CS2650</ID> <NAME>Distributed Multimedia Software</NAME> </COURSE> JSON {course {id: CS2650} {name: Distributed Multimedia Sofware} }
18 Why is it called "Representational State Transfer"? Client Resource http://www.airindia.com/aircraft/111 Fuel requirements Maintenance schedule ... airindia111.html
REST way of Implementing the Web Services 19
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REST Presentation

  • 1. Presentation on Web Services- REST Architecture Sarwajit Kumar
  • 2. What are the Web Services ? 2 Application Programming Interfaces (API) Request Services REST Architecture SOA Architecture OASIS World Wide Web Consortium (W3C )
  • 3. What is Web Services ? 3 Web Services are evolving, middleware platform that facilitate program-to-program interactions. A service is a software entity that can be discovered and invoked by other software systems. Definition from standardization body W3C : A Web service is a software system identified by a URI, whose public interfaces and bindings are defined and described using XML. Its definition can be discovered by other software systems.These systems may then interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed by its definition, using XML based messages conveyed by internet protocols. Web services are self contained, self describing, modular applications that can be published, located, and invoked across the web. Web services perform functions, which can be anything from simple requests to complicated business processes".
  • 5. 5 How does a Web Service Work ? The client sends a request Request encoded in XML Function (GET, POST) in the file The server decodes the file The function is executed A new XML file is encoded and re-send to the client Clients and servers communicate over the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
  • 6. 6 Types of Web Services Can be classified as Big web services and RESTful web services. Big web services are based on SOAP standard and often contain a WSDL to describe the interface that the web service offers. Big web services includes architecture to address complex non-functional requirements like transactions, security, addressing, trust, coordination, and also handles asynchronous processing and invocation. SOAP based Web Services is a great solution when you need, Asynchronous processing Reliability Stateful operations
  • 7. 7 RESTful Web Services REST is a term coined by Roy Fielding to describe an architecture style of networked systems. REST is an acronym standing for Representational State Transfer. It is an architectural pattern for developing web services as opposed to a specification. "Representational State Transfer is intended to evoke an image of how a well-designed Web application behaves: a network of web pages (a virtual state-machine), where the user progresses through an application by selecting links (state transitions), resulting in the next page (representing the next state of the application) being transferred to the user and rendered for their use." Roy Fielding... REST web services communicate over the HTTP specification, using HTTP vocabulary: Methods (GET, POST, etc.) HTTP URI syntax (paths, parameters, etc.) Media types (xml, json, html, plain text, etc) HTTP Response codes.
  • 8. 8 Introduction to REST Representational Clients possess the information necessary to identify, modify, and/or delete a web resource. State All resource state information is stored on the client. Transfer Client state is passed from the client to the service through HTTP. The six characteristics of REST: Uniform interface Decoupled client-server interaction Stateless Cacheable Layered Extensible through code on demand (optional). * Services that do not conform to the above required constraints are not strictly RESTful web services.
  • 9. Example : Web-Based Reservation Service 9 Suppose now the airline (AirIndia.com) wants to provide a Web reservation service for customers to make flight reservations through the Web. There are two main approaches to implementing the Web reservation service. Approach 1 One-Stop Shopping
  • 10. Continued... 10 Approach 1 Diadvantages : There is currently no industry accepted practice (rules) for expressing priorities. It violates Tim Berners-Lee Web Design, Axiom 0 (all resources on the Web must be uniquely identified with a URI). Approach 2: URLs are Cheap! Use Them!
  • 11. 11 Continued... Approach 2 Advantages : The different URLs are discoverable by search engines and UDDI registries. There is no need to introduce rules. Priorities are elevated to the level of a URL. "What you see is what you get." It's easy to understand what each service does simply by examining the URL, i.e., it exploits the Principle of Least Surprise. It's easy to implement high priority - simply assign a fast machine at the premier member URL. There is no bottleneck and consistent with Axiom 0.
  • 12. 12 RESTful Web Services : HTTP and REST HTTP-REST Request Basics The HTTP request is sent from the client. Identifies the location of a resource. Specifies the verb, or HTTP method to use when accessing the resource. Supplies optional request headers (name-value pairs) that provide additional information the server may need when processing the request. Supplies an optional request body that identifies additional data to be uploaded to the server HTTP-REST Request Basics The HTTP response is sent from the server. Gives the status of the processed request.
  • 13. 13 Continued... Supplies response headers (name-value pairs) that provide additional information about the response. Supplies an optional response body that identifies additional data to be downloaded to the client A REST service framework provides a controller for routing HTTP requests to a request handler according to: The HTTP method used (e.g. GET, POST) Supplied path information (e.g /service/listItems) Query, form, and path parameters Headers, cookies, etc.
  • 14. 14 Main Concepts Nouns (Resources) unconstrained i.e., http://example.com/employees/12345 REST Verbs constrained i.e., GET Representations constrained i.e., XML
  • 15. Resources 15 The key abstraction of information in REST is a resource. A resource is a conceptual mapping to a set of entities Represented with a global identifier (URI in HTTP) http://www.boeing.com/aircraft/747 REST uses URI to identify resources http://localhost/classes http://localhost/classes/cs2650 http://localhost/classes/cs2650/students As we traverse the path from more generic to more specific, we are navigating the data.
  • 16. 16 Verbs Represent the actions to be performed on resources HTTP GET How clients ask for the information they seek. HTTP POST HTTP POST creates a resource HTTP PUT HTTP PUT updates a resource HTTP DELETE Removes the resource identified by the URI
  • 17. 17 Representations How data is represented or returned to the client for presentation Two main formats: JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) XML It is common to have multiple representations of the same data XML <COURSE> <ID>CS2650</ID> <NAME>Distributed Multimedia Software</NAME> </COURSE> JSON {course {id: CS2650} {name: Distributed Multimedia Sofware} }
  • 18. 18 Why is it called "Representational State Transfer"? Client Resource http://www.airindia.com/aircraft/111 Fuel requirements Maintenance schedule ... airindia111.html
  • 19. REST way of Implementing the Web Services 19