Revision semantics
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This document contains questions about semantics, including: the difference between referent and reference; the number of tokens and types in a sample sentence; the difference between connotation and denotation with examples; labeling example sentences as illocutionary, locutionary, or perlocutionary acts; and providing examples of a superordinate/hyponym and agent/experiencer/locative/temporal terms.
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This document discusses numerals and quantifiers in terms of sets and relations. It explains that numerals, like quantifiers, denote relations between sets rather than statements about words. When used with quantifiers, one set establishes the domain being referred to as the restriction, while the other set is the main predicate called the scope. For sentences with quantifiers, the restriction set identifies the entities being discussed, while the scope set is what the quantifier relates the restriction set to.Quantifiers (part 1)
Quantifiers (part 1)zouhirgabsi
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Quantifiers denote relations between sets rather than individuals. Words like "all", "some", and "none" are quantifiers that claim a relation between two sets, similar to how lexical relations relate the meanings of words. Quantifiers make statements about how sets in the world are related, unlike lexical relations which are less informative as they just relate word meanings. The first step is to treat quantifiers as denoting a relation between two sets.Quantifiers (part 1)
Quantifiers (part 1)zouhirgabsi
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Quantifiers denote relations between sets rather than individuals. Words like "all", "some", and "none" are quantifiers that claim a relation between two sets, similar to how lexical relations relate the meanings of words. Quantifiers make statements about the world rather than just definitions, for example "all Australians are sportspeople" claims a subset relation between the sets of Australians and sportspeople.Quantifiers (part 1)
Quantifiers (part 1)zouhirgabsi
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Quantifiers denote relations between sets rather than individuals. Words like "all", "some", and "none" are quantifiers. Quantifier statements claim a relation between two sets and make statements about the world, unlike lexical relations which are about word meanings. Quantifiers can denote set relations like a subset relation between sets.Syntax part 6
Syntax part 6zouhirgabsi
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The document discusses syntax trees for sentences containing auxiliary verbs like "will" and possessive phrases like "the king's daughter". It asks the reader to draw syntax trees for the sentences "Suze will earn a fair wage", "Will Suze earn a fair wage?", and "The king's daughter will get married soon" as examples of these syntactic structures. It also provides two interpretations of the phrase "current information technology" and asks the reader to draw syntax trees for each.Revision linguistics
Revision linguisticszouhirgabsi
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The document contains 4 questions related to analyzing parts of speech and syntax structures. It asks to: draw a tree diagram for a sample sentence; provide an example for given syntax rules; analyze sample words in terms of morphology; and identify parts of speech for words in a sentence. The questions cover topics including syntax trees, part-of-speech tagging, and morphological analysis.Syntax part 6
Syntax part 6zouhirgabsi
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The document discusses syntax trees for sentences containing auxiliary verbs like "will" and possessive phrases like "the king's daughter". It asks the reader to draw syntax trees for the sentences "Suze will earn a fair wage", "Will Suze earn a fair wage?", and "The king's daughter will get married soon" as examples of these grammatical structures. It also provides two interpretations of the phrase "current information technology" and asks the reader to draw syntax trees for each.Syntax part 6
Syntax part 6zouhirgabsi
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The document discusses syntax trees for sentences containing auxiliary verbs like "will" and possessive phrases like "the king's daughter". It asks the reader to draw syntax trees for the sentences "Suze will earn a fair wage", "Will Suze earn a fair wage?", and "The king's daughter will get married soon" as examples of these syntactic structures. It also provides two interpretations of the phrase "current information technology" and asks the reader to draw syntax trees for each.Syntax part 5
Syntax part 5zouhirgabsi
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The document discusses the differences between phrases and clauses, with phrases being fragments containing more than one word that lack a subject and predicate, while clauses are larger fragments that can form a complete sentence. It also examines independent clauses that can stand alone versus dependent or subordinate clauses that cannot. The document analyzes examples of subordinate clauses and their function as complements or adverbials in complex sentences.Logic 2
Logic 2zouhirgabsi
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The document discusses logical concepts such as connectives, predicates, and referring expressions. It provides examples to illustrate that words like "and", "or", and "not" are connectives rather than predicates or referring expressions. Additionally, it presents two logical formulae that represent different interpretations of the ambiguous sentence "John and Mary are married."Logic 1
Logic 1zouhirgabsi
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Logic deals with meanings in a language system rather than actual behavior. A proposition is the meaning of a declarative sentence describing a state of affairs. While logic provides rules for calculations, rational behavior involves goals, assumptions, knowledge, and calculations to achieve goals. Logic is one factor in rational behavior but does not equate to it. Analytical sentences express necessary logical truths, while contradictions express inconsistent statements. Simple propositions represent predicators in capital letters and arguments in lowercase.Presupposition lecture
Presupposition lecturezouhirgabsi
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The document discusses the concept of presupposition in language. It defines presupposition as a type of inference closely linked to the meaning of an utterance. Presuppositions are assumptions that are taken for granted in an utterance, rather than being directly stated. The document provides examples of utterances and analyzes what they presuppose rather than directly assert. It also discusses different types of presuppositions like strong versus weak presuppositions signaled by articles, possessives, and existential claims.Syntax part 5
Syntax part 5zouhirgabsi
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The document discusses the differences between phrases and clauses, with phrases being fragments containing more than one word that lack a subject and predicate, while clauses are larger fragments that can form a complete sentence. It also examines independent clauses that can stand alone versus dependent or subordinate clauses that cannot. The document analyzes examples of subordinate clauses and their function as complements or adverbials in complex sentences.Syntax Cpart 3
Syntax Cpart 3zouhirgabsi
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This document discusses syntax and provides examples of tests used to identify constituents, including the proform test, question test, movement test, and coordination test. It also discusses phrase structure rules and provides an example of drawing a tree diagram and rule for the sentence "The runner from Ethiopia won a prize at the fair."Semantics Cweek 10
Semantics Cweek 10zouhirgabsi
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This document discusses different types of meaning relations between words and sentences: paraphrase, contradiction, and implication. It then defines four types of antonyms: binary antonyms, relational antonyms, complementary antonyms, and converses. Binary antonyms are pairs that exhaust all possibilities, like true/false. Relational antonyms describe reversed relationships, like buy/sell. The document provides examples and exercises to distinguish between these types of antonyms. It concludes by introducing semantic networks, where related words are organized under superordinate terms like different body parts under "body parts".Syntax Cpart 2
Syntax Cpart 2zouhirgabsi
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This document discusses syntactic categories and constituent structure. It defines common parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives. It notes that nouns can denote activities, events, states and properties, not just people, places and things. Morphology and distribution provide more reliable evidence for categories than semantics alone. The document then discusses analyzing sentences into constituents like NP and V NP. It provides tests for constituents like proform replacement and question tests. Finally it discusses noun phrase functions like subject, direct object, and predicative complement.Syntax (Part 1)
Syntax (Part 1)zouhirgabsi
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This document discusses syntax, which is the study of the structure of phrases and sentences. It addresses two key principles of sentence organization: linear order and hierarchical structure. Linear order refers to the specific sequence of words that determine a sentence's grammaticality and meaning. Hierarchical structure refers to the way words are organized into nested constituent groupings within a sentence, with the smallest constituents being individual words and the largest being the sentence itself. Tree diagrams can be used to represent a sentence's syntactic structure and constituent relationships.Semantics things and events -week 10(part 1))
Semantics things and events -week 10(part 1))zouhirgabsi
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This document discusses the differences between stative and eventive predicates in language. Stative predicates describe states, either permanent intrinsic properties or temporary phases, and are like a still photograph. Eventive predicates describe events and represent a change from one state to another. Specifically, it notes that "gold" is conceptualized as a substance and can take different syntactic forms like "some golds", while "ring" refers to individual items and sounds odd in forms like "some ring". It also provides examples of stative predicates like "asleep" and "angry" versus eventive predicates that describe events like "died" and "coughed".Week 7 Cmorphology (part 5)
Week 7 Cmorphology (part 5)zouhirgabsi
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This document discusses various ways that languages can increase their vocabulary through processes like affixation, reduplication, compounding, shortening, acronyms, blends, back formation, semantic shift, and inventing new words. It provides examples for each process, such as adding prefixes and suffixes to create new words, repeating parts of words in reduplication, combining words to form compounds, shortening words, creating acronyms, blending parts of words, creating new verbs from nouns in back formation, extending meanings through semantic shift, and Dr. Seuss inventing the word "nerd".Week 7 Cmorphology (part 4)
Week 7 Cmorphology (part 4)zouhirgabsi
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This document discusses morphology and how new words are formed. It covers several ways that morphemes can be organized within words, including prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. It then provides examples of affixation and reduplication to derive new words. Additional methods of word formation discussed include compounds, shortenings, acronyms, blends, and back formations. Exercises are included to analyze word morphology and increase vocabulary.Revision semantics
- 1. Revision1. What is semantics?2. What is the difference between referent and reference?3. How many tokens and types are there in the following sentence (WORDS): The man and his brother and his brother.4. What is the difference between a connotation and a denotation? Give an example for each category.5. Label the following sentences with illocutionary, locutionary or perlocutionary.Shut your mouth, the boy said.B. It is very warm here, a man at his friends house.C. You are really early to class, a teacher speaking to a student arriving late.d. fire! , the people cried.6. Give an example of a superordinate and a hyponym.7. Give an example of agent/experiencer/locative/temporal.