This document discusses Ralph Waldo Emerson and transcendentalism. It defines transcendentalism as a 19th century American philosophical movement centered around Emerson that emphasized intuition, idealism, and nature. It provides biographical details on Emerson and summarizes some of his major works, including Nature, Self-Reliance, and The Transcendentalist. These works explored themes of non-conformity, self-reliance, the limitations of traditional religion, and finding higher meaning through nature rather than traditional scripture or authorities. The document also notes Emerson's influence on other writers and his legacy of developing American transcendentalist ideas.
2. Transcendentalism Defined
American literary, philosophical, and political
movement during the 19th century
Centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson
3 main themes in transcendentalist thought1:
Response to Unitarianism
Search for faith
Aversion to commercialism
1. Miller, Perry. The Transcendentalists. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 195
3. Ralph Waldo Emerson
Biography
Born in 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts
Became a Unitarian pastor after graduating
from the Harvard School of Divinity
Death of his wife, Ellen Tucker, in 1831
exacerbated his crisis of faith
Resigned from the clergy and traveled to
Europe
Strong advocate for the abolition of slavery
4. The Transcendentalist
1842
Contrasts materialists and idealists
Materialists founded on experience
data of the senses
Idealists founded on consciousness
senses give us representations of things, but what
are the things themselves, they cannot tell
Outlines the main characteristics and beliefs of
New England Transcendentalists
5. The Transcendentalist
There is no pure Transcendentalist
Solitude encourages alignment with nature
With this passion for what is great and extraordinary, it
cannot be wondered at, that they are repelled by
vulgarity and frivolity in people.
A materialist can be easily convinced of the
magnitude of nature with simple questions
about his environment
6. Self-Reliance
1841
Compilation of many different ideas from
previous lectures and sermons
Follows 3 major arguments:
1. Self-contained genius
2. Disapproval of the world
3. Value of self-worth
Trust thyself
7. Self-Reliance
Disdain for conformity
A foolish consistency in the hobgoblin of little minds,
adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines.
If one becomes a self-reliant individual, they
can achieve their highest potential
Critics of Emerson:
This work is not a celebration of nature, but an
example of our apprehension living within the
world2
2. Boudreau, Kristin. "'The Woman's Flesh of Me': Rebecca Harding Davis's Response to
Self-Reliance." American Transcendental Quarterly n.s 6.2 (June 1992)
8. Nature
1836
Foundation for all of Emersons
future development of American
Transcendentalism
Inspired by a trip to the Mus辿um
National dHistoire Naturelle in
Paris
Fully explains his passion for
nature and the problem with
humanity
Believes that we do not fully
understand or accept the
9. Nature
[Nature] arms and equips an animal to find its
place and living in the earth, and, at the same
time, she arms and equips another animal to
destroy it.
Nature should be the jumping off point for all
historical, theological, philosophical thought
The Bible is not and cannot be an authority on our
morality and humanity because it is only a
secondhand account
10. Legacy of Emerson
Fully developed American
Transcendentalist
characteristics and thought
Influenced other major writers
such as Walt Whitman and
Henry David Thoreau
Staunch abolitionist leaving an
intellectual mark on anti-
slavery writing
Writings are considered major
documents of American
literature, philosophy, and
religion still today