Role of cofactors in metabolism
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Vitamins serve as cofactors or coenzymes that are essential for many enzymatic reactions in the body. Most B vitamins act as coenzymes by facilitating the transfer of atoms or groups between molecules during metabolism. Coenzymes work with enzymes to carry out the enzymes' activity, often by transporting chemical groups from one reactant to another. Vitamins are organic molecules that the body needs but cannot synthesize in adequate amounts, so they must be obtained through the diet.
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Concepts in Biochemistry
Chapter 2
Wendy Herndon, BIS, RDH, CDA
Introduction油
Dental professionals need to have a basic understanding of biochemistry油
It is the foundation for understanding and applying the concepts of nutrition
What is Biochemistry?
It is the study of life at the molecular level
A molecule is:
The smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance
A biomolecule is
Any molecule that is produced by a living cell or organism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YO244P1e9QM
Metabolism involves
Production and use of energy which can come from dietary carbs, proteins, and lipids
Bioinformation involves
The transfer of biological information from DNA to RNA to protein which carries out all of the processes of life
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA is Ribonucleic acid
3
Fundamentals
Atoms are:
Made of three tiny particles called:
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons油
An atom itself is made up of three tiny kinds of particles called subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and the neutrons make up the center of the atom called the nucleus and the electrons fly around above the nucleus in a small cloud. All matter is made up of atoms.
4
Fundamentals
Molecules are:
A group of atoms bonded together油
An example is when two atoms of hydrogen bond with one atom of oxygen, it forms a water molecule
A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together
5
Fundamentals
The mass of the human body is made of atoms which form molecules (groups of atoms)
Molecules form cells (made up of billions of molecules)
Cells form tissues
Tissues form organs
Organs work together to form systems油
Systems form organisms such as a human油
Atomic Bonds
Ionic油
Ionic bonds form between a positively charged metal and a negatively charged non-metal
An example of an ionic bond is the hydroxyapatite in enamel which is composed of ionic bonds between calcium and phosphate
Atomic Bonds油
Covalent油
-A covalent bond occurs when two non-metal atoms equally share electrons油
-An example of this would be when nitrogen and oxygen bond together to form nitrous oxide
-Laughing gas
Carbon
Element油
Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe and is the building block of life on earth
Cells are made of many complex molecules called macromolecules
These include proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids
The carbon atom has unique properties that allow it to form covalent bonds to as many as four different atoms, making this versatile element ideal to serve as the basic structural component, or backbone, of the macromolecules (many complex molecules)
Main Biomolecules in Nutrition
(any molecule formed by a living cell or organism)
The four major biomolecules are:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
These biomolecules are characterized by the type of polymer or monomer they contain and by their function
A polymer is a large molecule containing repeating units kn ...Metabolic Pathways
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The document discusses various metabolic pathways in plants including primary and secondary metabolites. It describes the shikimic acid pathway and its role in synthesizing aromatic amino acids. The acetate/mevalonate pathway and its role in terpenoid biosynthesis is also covered. Various techniques used to study these pathways are outlined, including the use of radioactive isotopes as tracers to investigate biosynthesis through precursor-product relationships. The summary focuses on the key metabolic pathways and tracer techniques discussed in the document.Classification of Protein.pdf
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油
The document classifies proteins based on their solubility, shape, composition, and function. It discusses several classifications:
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2. Based on function, proteins serve as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, storage, transport, toxic, structural, contractile, and secretory functions.
3. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are classified based on properties like polarity, nutritional requirements, and side chain groups. Peptide bonds form between amino acids and are characterized by their rigidityInborn error of metabolism 2019
Inborn error of metabolism 2019Hosin Abass
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This document discusses inborn errors of metabolism, which are genetic disorders caused by defects in metabolic enzymes or pathways. It defines key metabolic terms like metabolism, catabolism, anabolism, cofactors, coenzymes, apoenzymes and holoenzymes. It also summarizes several important metabolic pathways in the human body like glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, fatty acid synthesis and breakdown, and amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. Tandem mass spectrometry is highlighted as an important technique for diagnosing inborn errors of metabolism through newborn screening.7 vitamins and cofactors
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This document discusses a lecture on vitamins and cofactors. It covers the classification of vitamins as water-soluble or fat-soluble. Vitamins serve as coenzymes and cofactors that facilitate enzyme reactions in the body. Specific vitamins discussed include thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), and niacin (B3). The roles and functions of these vitamins as coenzymes in important metabolic pathways like glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are described. Deficiency symptoms for each vitamin are also mentioned.ANIMAL-NUTRITION.pptx
ANIMAL-NUTRITION.pptxcrisleomilaguilar
油
This document defines key nutrition terms and outlines the gross chemical composition of plant and animal tissues. It discusses that carbohydrates are the major component of plants at around 75% of dry weight, providing energy. Fats are present in both plants and animals, containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and iron and are the principal constituents of animal organs. Minerals and vitamins, though needed in small amounts, are essential for animal health and life processes. Water obtained by animals comes from drinking, feeds, and is produced during metabolism.Enzyme
EnzymeShaikh Shohidul Islam
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Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. They are not consumed in reactions and can catalyze numerous reaction cycles. Nearly all biological reactions require enzyme catalysis. Enzymes contain active sites that bind specific substrates. The binding forms an enzyme-substrate complex that undergoes reaction, producing products. Cofactors like vitamins and ions can bind enzymes and are required for catalytic activity. The active site is a pocket formed by spatially distant amino acids that binds substrates and performs catalysis. Enzymes are measured in units describing their catalytic activity rate.Protein by waheed
Protein by waheedWaheed javed, Student at INDUS COLLEGE OF NURSING
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The document summarizes a biochemistry group project on proteins. The group, led by Mohammad Raes, discussed the definition, chemistry, structure, classification, properties, and functions of proteins. Key points included that proteins are polymers of amino acids and have four levels of structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Proteins perform important roles such as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structure.Enzymes ,Lecture-1
Enzymes ,Lecture-1Gono University
油
Here I have tried to cover the following terms--Enzymes, Definition of enzymes, properties of enzymes, substrates, cofactors, coenzymes, functions of cofactors and coenzmes, water soluble vitamins as coenzymes, definition of active site, features of active site, unit of enzymeAmino acids and proteins (1)
Amino acids and proteins (1)Abdiwasacahmed
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Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They contain an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain. There are 22 protein amino acids that are polymerized to form proteins, which carry out important structural and functional roles in the body. Amino acids can also be classified based on their chemical properties and metabolic fates. The peptide bond forms when amino acids condense, linking them together into polypeptides and proteins.ABSALON_BioChem_Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism.pptx
ABSALON_BioChem_Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism.pptxZeref77
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Proteins are complex biological molecules composed of amino acids. The body breaks down ingested proteins into individual amino acids, which can then be used to synthesize new proteins or metabolized for energy. Amino acid metabolism involves pathways that classify amino acids as either glucogenic, producing glucose, or ketogenic, producing ketone bodies. Enzymes play an important role in catalyzing the synthesis and breakdown of amino acids, and disorders can occur if these enzymatic pathways are disrupted.Aminoacid metabolism
Aminoacid metabolismNaresh Panigrahi
油
The document discusses amino acid metabolism. It begins by outlining the major pathways of amino acid metabolism, including transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation. These pathways allow amino acids to be used for protein synthesis, energy production, and the formation of other nitrogenous compounds. The urea cycle is also summarized, which involves several steps to produce urea from ammonia in the liver. Finally, some specific amino acids like glycine are discussed in more detail regarding their catabolism. In general, the carbon skeletons of amino acids enter central metabolic pathways while the amino groups are removed as ammonia and ultimately excreted as urea.Rumen microbiology
Rumen microbiologySolomon Amakelew Ayele
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The document summarizes ruminal microbiology and digestion. It discusses how bacteria, protozoa, and fungi break down plant polymers like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and lignins in the rumen. Key points include:
- Microbes produce enzymes that hydrolyze polymers extracellularly into oligomers and monomers or digest particles intracellularly.
- Major carbohydrate-fermenting bacteria are involved in cellulose, hemicellulose, starch and pectin breakdown. Protein-fermenting bacteria deaminate amino acids.
- Lipids are hydrolyzed and fatty acids may be biohydrogenated. Interactions between microbial groups allow complex substrates to be broken down.rumenmicrobiology-200601122108.pdf
rumenmicrobiology-200601122108.pdfBhojanDhakal2
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This document summarizes ruminal microbiology and digestion. It discusses how plant polymers are broken down by bacteria, protozoa, and fungi through extracellular and intracellular processes. Key points include: carbohydrates like cellulose, hemicellulose, starch and pectin are broken down by various microbes; protein and nitrogen sources are degraded into peptides and amino acids then fermented; lipids are hydrolyzed and fatty acids may be biohydrogenated; microbial interactions are important for fermentation. It also covers the establishment of ruminal bacteria and protozoa in calf development.Recently uploaded (20)
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Essentials of a Good PMO, presented by Aalok Sonawala
Essentials of a Good PMO, presented by Aalok SonawalaAssociation for Project Management
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APM event hosted by the South Wales and West of England Network (SWWE Network)
Speaker: Aalok Sonawala
The SWWE Regional Network were very pleased to welcome Aalok Sonawala, Head of PMO, National Programmes, Rider Levett Bucknall on 26 February, to BAWA for our first face to face event of 2025. Aalok is a member of APMs Thames Valley Regional Network and also speaks to members of APMs PMO Interest Network, which aims to facilitate collaboration and learning, offer unbiased advice and guidance.
Tonight, Aalok planned to discuss the importance of a PMO within project-based organisations, the different types of PMO and their key elements, PMO governance and centres of excellence.
PMOs within an organisation can be centralised, hub and spoke with a central PMO with satellite PMOs globally, or embedded within projects. The appropriate structure will be determined by the specific business needs of the organisation. The PMO sits above PM delivery and the supply chain delivery teams.
For further information about the event please click here.