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Editor's Notes

• #12: Definition: This type of processing is data-driven. It starts with the sensory input—the raw data from the environment. Our brain processes this information from the most basic, low-level features (e.g., shapes, colors, sounds) to build up a complete perception. Example: Imagine you are seeing an object for the first time. Your eyes detect specific features—such as edges, colors, and movement. Your brain then assembles these individual pieces of sensory information to recognize that the object is, for instance, a tree. This is bottom-up processing because your perception is built from the ground up, based solely on the sensory data available. Definition: This type of processing is concept-driven. It relies on our existing knowledge, experiences, and expectations to interpret sensory information. Instead of starting from the raw data, our brain uses what it already knows to make sense of incoming stimuli. Example: If you were to see a vague, blurry image that somewhat resembles a tree, your brain might quickly recognize it as a tree based on your previous experiences and the context (e.g., if you’re in a forest). This is top-down processing because your brain is filling in the gaps based on expectations rather than purely relying on the sensory input.
• #19: Top down processing is context-dependent.
• #20: When learning to read, children often sound out each letter and word slowly, piece by piece, to understand the meaning. They process the letters and sounds before forming words and sentences.
• #22: Our knowledge of common phrases and words allows us to fill in the blanks. Most people can read this easily because their brains use context and expectation to fill in the gaps.
• #23: As an experienced reader, you can quickly read and understand sentences without focusing on every individual letter because your brain predicts what the words should be based on context. When we encounter misspelled words, our brain often automatically corrects them. Most readers will unconsciously correct "ssat" to "sat" without even noticing the error. Ability to read bad handwriting.
• #24: Discuss how top-down processing is influenced by context, past experiences, and expectations, leading to faster but sometimes less accurate perceptions. In contrast, bottom-up processing, although slower, builds perception from the sensory data up and is often more accurate when dealing with unfamiliar stimuli. Highlight real-world implications, such as how experienced professionals in certain fields (e.g., doctors, musicians) rely heavily on top-down processing due to their extensive background knowledge.