The document discusses the five basic human senses: sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste. It provides details on the sensory organs and processes associated with each sense. For sight, it describes how light enters the eye and is focused on the retina, sending signals to the brain. For sound, it explains how sound waves are captured by the ear and transformed into signals through the middle ear bones and inner ear. The sense of smell starts with receptors in the nose capturing chemicals, while taste occurs when chemicals stimulate taste bud cells in the tongue. Touch is sensed through specialized receptors in the skin that detect pressure, vibration, and other sensations.
The eye is the organ of sight and is formed of the eyeball, cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina and optic nerve. Light enters through the cornea, passes through the pupil and focuses on the retina before traveling through the optic nerve to the brain.
The ear is the organ of hearing and is divided into the external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear picks up sounds, the middle ear transforms sounds into vibrations, and the inner ear transforms vibrations into nerve impulses sent to the brain.
The skin is the organ of touch and consists of the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis layers. The dermis contains receptors for cold, heat and pressure
The document provides an overview of the human sensory system and sense organs. It describes the main components and functions of the sensory system, including sensory receptors, classification of receptors by location and stimulus type, and the specific senses of taste, smell, vision, and hearing. For each sense, it outlines the key anatomical structures, sensory receptors, and process of stimulus detection and signal transmission to the brain.
This document discusses the five senses - sight, smell, taste, hearing and touch. It describes the organs associated with each sense and the basic process of how each sense works. For sight, it explains how light enters the eye and is focused on the retina. For smell, it notes receptors in the nose. It outlines the three parts of the ear for hearing and the process from vibrations to nerve impulses. Taste buds on the tongue are mentioned for taste. Touch is associated with the layers of skin.
The document summarizes the main components and functions of the human nervous system. It describes the brain as the control center made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The spinal cord connects the brain to nerves throughout the body and is responsible for involuntary movements. There are sensory nerves that carry signals to the brain and motor nerves that carry signals from the brain. The five senses - sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch - allow humans to perceive their environment through specialized sense organs like the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.
The eye is the organ of sight, protected by eyebrows, eyelashes and eyelids. Light enters through the cornea and passes through the pupil and iris, then the crystalline lens focuses the image onto the retina. The retina then passes this visual information through the optic nerve to the brain.
The ear is the organ of hearing and has three parts: the external ear picks up sounds, the middle ear transforms sounds into vibrations using the eardrum and three small bones, and the inner ear transforms these vibrations into nerve impulses sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.
The tongue is the organ of taste, with taste receptors located in taste buds distributed across its surface according to the four basic
The eye is the organ of sight, protected by eyebrows, eyelashes and eyelids. Light enters through the cornea and passes through the pupil and iris, then the crystalline lens focuses the image onto the retina. The retina then passes this visual information through the optic nerve to the brain.
The ear is the organ of hearing and has three parts: the external ear picks up sounds, the middle ear transforms sounds into vibrations using the eardrum and three small bones, and the inner ear transforms these vibrations into nerve impulses sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.
The tongue is the organ of taste, with taste receptors located in taste buds distributed across its surface according to the four basic
The human nervous system has two main parts - the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system comprising nerves that connect to sensory organs and muscles. The brain controls voluntary actions that we are aware of, while involuntary actions are controlled automatically. Humans detect stimuli through five sensory organs - eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. The eye detects light and allows sight, while the ear detects sound to allow hearing. The nose contains olfactory receptors that detect smells, and the tongue contains taste buds to detect the five basic tastes. The skin contains various receptors that detect touch, pressure, heat, cold and pain.
The document discusses the human sensory system. It describes how sense organs like the eyes, ears, tongue and skin contain specialized receptors that convert stimuli like light, sound, temperature and chemicals into electrical signals to the brain, allowing us to experience sensations. It provides details on the main sensory receptors for touch, taste, smell, hearing and vision located in the skin, tongue, nose, ear and eye respectively. The eye, ear and skin sections explain the key structures involved in sensing through those organs like the retina, semicircular canals and encapsulated nerve endings.
Unit 2 sensitivity and coordination teresa and laura sCrelgo
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This document summarizes the key human sensory and motor systems. It describes the main organs for sight (eye), smell (nose), hearing (ear), touch (skin), and taste (tongue). It outlines the main parts and processes for each sensory organ. It also discusses the nervous system, including the central and peripheral divisions, neurons, and voluntary and involuntary movements controlled by the brain and spinal cord respectively. Finally, it briefly mentions the main bones of the body and types of joints that connect bones.
Human beings traditionally have five senses - sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch - that provide data for perception. These senses are studied by fields like neuroscience and philosophy of perception. Aristotle was credited with classifying the five traditional senses, while Kant proposed that our knowledge depends on our modes of perception. Each sense has an associated organ - the eye for sight, nose for smell, ear for hearing, tongue for taste, and skin/nerves for touch. The brain interprets signals from these sensory organs to represent and understand the environment.
The document summarizes the human sensory and nervous systems. It describes the main internal and external stimuli receptors and responses. It then details the five main senses - sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste - and the specific organs associated with each. Finally, it provides an overview of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including their main components and functions.
This document provides information about the five basic human senses and their associated sensory organs. It discusses the skin, eyes, ears, tongue and nose. For each sense organ, it describes the structures involved in sensation, how stimuli are received and transmitted to the brain, and examples of common disorders. The skin, largest sensory organ, protects the body and regulates temperature. It has three layers - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The eyes contain the retina, lens and other structures that allow vision. Sound waves are received by the outer, middle and inner ear before signals reach the brain. Taste buds on the tongue can detect the four basic tastes. Odor molecules stimulate receptors in the nasal cavity to provide the sense
CHAPTER 1_F3-stimuli and responses .pptxkasturi512
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The document summarizes the structure and function of several sensory organs in the human body:
- The nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system controls voluntary and involuntary actions while the peripheral system transmits sensory information.
- The eye contains light-sensitive cells that detect light and color. Light enters the eye and is focused on the retina, triggering nerve impulses sent to the brain to form an image.
- The ear detects sound vibrations that travel through the outer, middle and inner ear before nerve impulses are sent to the brain. The cochlea converts vibrations to impulses.
- Smell and taste receptors detect chemicals that
This document summarizes the main sensory organs in the body - vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear, taste buds, olfactory system, and receptors for touch. The eye contains the retina with rods and cones for vision. The ear is divided into external, middle, and inner sections for hearing and balance. Taste buds contain gustatory cells that detect the five basic tastes. The olfactory region contains sensory cells that detect smells. Various receptors throughout the body sense touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception.
The document discusses the human body's sensory and response systems. It describes the different types of stimuli the body receives, both internal and external. It also outlines the main sensory organs - eyes, ears, skin, nose, tongue - and how each receives different types of stimuli via specialized receptors. Finally, it provides an overview of the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, sensory and motor nerves, and neurons, and how these systems work together to coordinate the body's responses to stimuli.
This document discusses the five basic human senses: sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch. It provides details on the organs and biological processes involved in each sense. For sight, it describes the eye, retina, and optic nerve. For smell, it discusses the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. It notes the five primary tastes detected by taste buds on the tongue. For hearing, it explains how sound waves are captured by the outer ear and transmitted through the middle ear bones to vibrate the cochlea. It describes the nerve endings in the skin that provide the sense of touch all over the body.
This document summarizes the key human sensory systems and how they work. It discusses the five senses - sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste - and describes the sensory organs and receptors for each. It also outlines the nervous system, including the central nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system of sensory and motor nerves. It distinguishes between voluntary and involuntary movements and muscles.
This document discusses the five basic human senses: sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch. It provides details on the organs and biological processes involved in each sense. For sight, it describes the eye, retina, and optic nerve. For smell, it discusses the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. It notes the five primary tastes detected by taste buds on the tongue. For hearing, it explains how sound waves are captured by the outer ear and transmitted through the middle ear bones to vibrate the cochlea. It describes the nerve endings in the skin that provide the sense of touch all over the body.
The document discusses the human sensory system. It describes how stimuli are detected by receptors, which send signals to the brain and spinal cord to produce responses. The main senses are sight detected by the eyes, smell by the nose, hearing by the ears, touch by the skin, and taste by the tongue. The nervous system coordinates responses through the central nervous system and peripheral nerves.
Interaction function II. Receptors and effectors.irenebyg
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The document summarizes the main sensory and effector systems in the human body. It describes the key receptors for sight (eyes), hearing (ears), touch (skin), smell (nose), taste (tongue) and balance (inner ear). It also outlines the main components and functions of the skeletal system (bones and joints) and muscular system (striated, smooth and cardiac muscle).
Sensitivity and coordination by Alba and LucÃaCrelgo
Ìý
The document discusses the human senses and nervous system. It describes the five senses - sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste - and the organs associated with each sense. It also outlines the structures and functions of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system, neurons, and voluntary and involuntary movements. The nervous system detects stimuli through receptors, interprets the information, and develops muscular or glandular responses.
This document provides an overview of the human senses and systems involved in sensitivity and coordination. It discusses the main organs of sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste, as well as the nervous system, skeleton, and musculature. The nervous system section explains that it has a central nervous system including the brain and peripheral nervous system with sensory and motor nerves. The skeleton section lists the main bone groups, and the musculature section names some key muscle types in the head, trunk, and limbs.
The document discusses the major human body systems and the five senses. It describes the circulatory system which transports blood through the heart and vessels, the respiratory system which aids breathing, and the digestive system which aids digestion of food. It also explains each of the five senses - sight through the eyes, hearing through the ears, smell through the nose, taste through the tongue, and touch through the skin. Each system and sense works together to keep the body functioning and allow humans to experience their environment.
This chapter discusses the special senses of vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. It provides an overview of the anatomy and functions of the eye, ear, and sensory receptors for smell and taste. Common disorders are also mentioned for the eye and ear. The case study asks about why children get ear infections more than adults and the relationship between ear pain and appetite. Tylenol may be prescribed as it can help reduce fever and pain associated with ear infections.
The document summarizes the key human body systems including:
1) The sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin) and how they receive stimuli from the environment and transmit messages to the brain.
2) The nervous system, made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system, which interprets sensory messages and coordinates responses.
3) The skeletal and muscular systems, with bones providing structure, joints allowing movement, and muscles enabling movement when signaled by the nervous system.
The document provides information on the somatic and special senses. It discusses the different types of receptors including chemoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and photoreceptors. It then describes the specific senses - touch, pain, temperature, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium, sight. For each sense, it outlines the receptors involved, their location, and how sensory information is transmitted to the brain. The document also reviews the anatomy and physiology associated with smell, hearing, taste, equilibrium, and vision.
Effects of various chemical factors on in-vitro growth of tissue culture. Various factors like Environmental, Chemical, Physical, and photoperiod affect plant tissue in vitro growth. ºÝºÝߣ discuss about the chemical factors like Macronutrients, micronutrients, PGR as well include the new chemical factor that are descovered recently like Meta-topolin, TDZ etc.
The document discusses the human sensory system. It describes how sense organs like the eyes, ears, tongue and skin contain specialized receptors that convert stimuli like light, sound, temperature and chemicals into electrical signals to the brain, allowing us to experience sensations. It provides details on the main sensory receptors for touch, taste, smell, hearing and vision located in the skin, tongue, nose, ear and eye respectively. The eye, ear and skin sections explain the key structures involved in sensing through those organs like the retina, semicircular canals and encapsulated nerve endings.
Unit 2 sensitivity and coordination teresa and laura sCrelgo
Ìý
This document summarizes the key human sensory and motor systems. It describes the main organs for sight (eye), smell (nose), hearing (ear), touch (skin), and taste (tongue). It outlines the main parts and processes for each sensory organ. It also discusses the nervous system, including the central and peripheral divisions, neurons, and voluntary and involuntary movements controlled by the brain and spinal cord respectively. Finally, it briefly mentions the main bones of the body and types of joints that connect bones.
Human beings traditionally have five senses - sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch - that provide data for perception. These senses are studied by fields like neuroscience and philosophy of perception. Aristotle was credited with classifying the five traditional senses, while Kant proposed that our knowledge depends on our modes of perception. Each sense has an associated organ - the eye for sight, nose for smell, ear for hearing, tongue for taste, and skin/nerves for touch. The brain interprets signals from these sensory organs to represent and understand the environment.
The document summarizes the human sensory and nervous systems. It describes the main internal and external stimuli receptors and responses. It then details the five main senses - sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste - and the specific organs associated with each. Finally, it provides an overview of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including their main components and functions.
This document provides information about the five basic human senses and their associated sensory organs. It discusses the skin, eyes, ears, tongue and nose. For each sense organ, it describes the structures involved in sensation, how stimuli are received and transmitted to the brain, and examples of common disorders. The skin, largest sensory organ, protects the body and regulates temperature. It has three layers - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The eyes contain the retina, lens and other structures that allow vision. Sound waves are received by the outer, middle and inner ear before signals reach the brain. Taste buds on the tongue can detect the four basic tastes. Odor molecules stimulate receptors in the nasal cavity to provide the sense
CHAPTER 1_F3-stimuli and responses .pptxkasturi512
Ìý
The document summarizes the structure and function of several sensory organs in the human body:
- The nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system controls voluntary and involuntary actions while the peripheral system transmits sensory information.
- The eye contains light-sensitive cells that detect light and color. Light enters the eye and is focused on the retina, triggering nerve impulses sent to the brain to form an image.
- The ear detects sound vibrations that travel through the outer, middle and inner ear before nerve impulses are sent to the brain. The cochlea converts vibrations to impulses.
- Smell and taste receptors detect chemicals that
This document summarizes the main sensory organs in the body - vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear, taste buds, olfactory system, and receptors for touch. The eye contains the retina with rods and cones for vision. The ear is divided into external, middle, and inner sections for hearing and balance. Taste buds contain gustatory cells that detect the five basic tastes. The olfactory region contains sensory cells that detect smells. Various receptors throughout the body sense touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception.
The document discusses the human body's sensory and response systems. It describes the different types of stimuli the body receives, both internal and external. It also outlines the main sensory organs - eyes, ears, skin, nose, tongue - and how each receives different types of stimuli via specialized receptors. Finally, it provides an overview of the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, sensory and motor nerves, and neurons, and how these systems work together to coordinate the body's responses to stimuli.
This document discusses the five basic human senses: sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch. It provides details on the organs and biological processes involved in each sense. For sight, it describes the eye, retina, and optic nerve. For smell, it discusses the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. It notes the five primary tastes detected by taste buds on the tongue. For hearing, it explains how sound waves are captured by the outer ear and transmitted through the middle ear bones to vibrate the cochlea. It describes the nerve endings in the skin that provide the sense of touch all over the body.
This document summarizes the key human sensory systems and how they work. It discusses the five senses - sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste - and describes the sensory organs and receptors for each. It also outlines the nervous system, including the central nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system of sensory and motor nerves. It distinguishes between voluntary and involuntary movements and muscles.
This document discusses the five basic human senses: sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch. It provides details on the organs and biological processes involved in each sense. For sight, it describes the eye, retina, and optic nerve. For smell, it discusses the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. It notes the five primary tastes detected by taste buds on the tongue. For hearing, it explains how sound waves are captured by the outer ear and transmitted through the middle ear bones to vibrate the cochlea. It describes the nerve endings in the skin that provide the sense of touch all over the body.
The document discusses the human sensory system. It describes how stimuli are detected by receptors, which send signals to the brain and spinal cord to produce responses. The main senses are sight detected by the eyes, smell by the nose, hearing by the ears, touch by the skin, and taste by the tongue. The nervous system coordinates responses through the central nervous system and peripheral nerves.
Interaction function II. Receptors and effectors.irenebyg
Ìý
The document summarizes the main sensory and effector systems in the human body. It describes the key receptors for sight (eyes), hearing (ears), touch (skin), smell (nose), taste (tongue) and balance (inner ear). It also outlines the main components and functions of the skeletal system (bones and joints) and muscular system (striated, smooth and cardiac muscle).
Sensitivity and coordination by Alba and LucÃaCrelgo
Ìý
The document discusses the human senses and nervous system. It describes the five senses - sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste - and the organs associated with each sense. It also outlines the structures and functions of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), peripheral nervous system, neurons, and voluntary and involuntary movements. The nervous system detects stimuli through receptors, interprets the information, and develops muscular or glandular responses.
This document provides an overview of the human senses and systems involved in sensitivity and coordination. It discusses the main organs of sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste, as well as the nervous system, skeleton, and musculature. The nervous system section explains that it has a central nervous system including the brain and peripheral nervous system with sensory and motor nerves. The skeleton section lists the main bone groups, and the musculature section names some key muscle types in the head, trunk, and limbs.
The document discusses the major human body systems and the five senses. It describes the circulatory system which transports blood through the heart and vessels, the respiratory system which aids breathing, and the digestive system which aids digestion of food. It also explains each of the five senses - sight through the eyes, hearing through the ears, smell through the nose, taste through the tongue, and touch through the skin. Each system and sense works together to keep the body functioning and allow humans to experience their environment.
This chapter discusses the special senses of vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. It provides an overview of the anatomy and functions of the eye, ear, and sensory receptors for smell and taste. Common disorders are also mentioned for the eye and ear. The case study asks about why children get ear infections more than adults and the relationship between ear pain and appetite. Tylenol may be prescribed as it can help reduce fever and pain associated with ear infections.
The document summarizes the key human body systems including:
1) The sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin) and how they receive stimuli from the environment and transmit messages to the brain.
2) The nervous system, made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system, which interprets sensory messages and coordinates responses.
3) The skeletal and muscular systems, with bones providing structure, joints allowing movement, and muscles enabling movement when signaled by the nervous system.
The document provides information on the somatic and special senses. It discusses the different types of receptors including chemoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and photoreceptors. It then describes the specific senses - touch, pain, temperature, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium, sight. For each sense, it outlines the receptors involved, their location, and how sensory information is transmitted to the brain. The document also reviews the anatomy and physiology associated with smell, hearing, taste, equilibrium, and vision.
Effects of various chemical factors on in-vitro growth of tissue culture. Various factors like Environmental, Chemical, Physical, and photoperiod affect plant tissue in vitro growth. ºÝºÝߣ discuss about the chemical factors like Macronutrients, micronutrients, PGR as well include the new chemical factor that are descovered recently like Meta-topolin, TDZ etc.
Telescope equatorial mount polar alignment quick reference guidebartf25
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Telescope equatorial mount polar alignment quick reference guide. Helps with accurate alignment and improved guiding for your telescope. Provides a step-by-step process but in a summarized format so that the quick reference guide can be reviewed and the steps repeated while you are out under the stars with clear skies preparing for a night of astrophotography imaging or visual observing.
PROTEIN DEGRADATION via ubiquitous pathawayKaviya Priya A
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Protein degradation via ubiquitous pathway In general science, a ubiquitous pathway refers to a biochemical or metabolic pathway that is:
1. *Widely present*: Found in many different organisms, tissues, or cells.
2. *Conserved*: Remains relatively unchanged across different species or contexts.
Examples of ubiquitous pathways include:
1. *Glycolysis*: The process of breaking down glucose for energy, found in nearly all living organisms.
2. *Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)*: A key metabolic pathway involved in energy production, present in many cells.
3. *Pentose phosphate pathway*: A metabolic pathway involved in energy production and antioxidant defenses, found in many organisms.
These pathways are essential for life and have been conserved across evolution, highlighting their importance for cellular function and survival.
Biowaste Management and Its Utilization in Crop Production.pptxVivek Bhagat
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Bio-waste management involves the collection, treatment, and recycling of organic waste to reduce environmental impact. Proper utilization in crop production includes composting, vermiculture, and biofertilizers, enhancing soil fertility and sustainability. This eco-friendly approach minimizes waste, improves crop yield, and promotes sustainable agriculture.
(February 25th, 2025) Real-Time Insights into Cardiothoracic Research with In...Scintica Instrumentation
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s a major gap - these methods can't fully capture how cells behave in a living, breathing system.
That's where Intravital Microscopy (IVM) comes in. This powerful imaging technology allows researchers to see cellular activity in real-time, with incredible clarity and precision.
But imaging the heart and lungs presents a unique challenge. These organs are constantly in motion, making real-time visualization tricky. Thankfully, groundbreaking advances - like vacuum-based stabilization and motion compensation algorithms - are making high-resolution imaging of these moving structures a reality.
What You'll Gain from This Webinar:
- New Scientific Insights – See how IVM is transforming our understanding of immune cell movement in the lungs, cellular changes in heart disease, and more.
- Advanced Imaging Solutions – Discover the latest stabilization techniques that make it possible to capture clear, detailed images of beating hearts and expanding lungs.
- Real-World Applications – Learn how these innovations are driving major breakthroughs in cardiovascular and pulmonary research, with direct implications for disease treatment and drug development.
- Live Expert Discussion – Connect with experts and get answers to your biggest questions about in vivo imaging.
This is your chance to explore how cutting-edge imaging is revolutionizing cardiothoracic research - shedding light on disease mechanisms, immune responses, and new therapeutic possibilities.
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In vitro means production in a test tube or other similar vessel where culture conditions and medium are controlled for optimum growth during tissue culture.
It is a critical step in plant tissue culture where roots are induced and developed from plant explants in a controlled, sterile environment.
ºÝºÝߣ include factors affecting In-vitro Rooting, steps involved, stages and In vitro rooting of the two genotypes of Argania Spinosa in different culture media.
How could modern LA research address data-related ethics issues in informal and situated professional learning? I will identify in this talk three relevant insights based on field studies around workplace LA interventions: Firstly, in informal and situated learning, data isn’t just about the learners. Secondly, the affordances of manual and automatic data tracking for learning are very different, with manual tracking allowing a high degree of learner control over data. Thirdly, learning is not necessarily a shared goal in workplaces. These can be translated into seeing a potential for systems endowed with sufficient natural-language-processing capability (now seemingly at our fingertips with LLMs), and socio-technical design and scenario-based data collection analysis as design and research methods.
Excretion in Humans | Cambridge IGCSE BiologyBlessing Ndazie
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This IGCSE Biology presentation covers excretion in humans, explaining the removal of metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide, urea, and excess salts. Learn about the structure and function of the kidneys, the role of the liver in excretion, ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, and the importance of homeostasis. Includes diagrams and explanations to help Cambridge IGCSE students prepare effectively for exams!
ºÝºÝߣ describe the role of ABA in plant abiotic stress mitigation. ºÝºÝߣ include role of ABA in cold stress, drought stress and salt stress mitigation along with role of ABA in stomatal regulation.
Coordination and Response: The Nervous System | IGCSE BiologyBlessing Ndazie
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This comprehensive IGCSE Biology presentation explains the nervous system, focusing on how the body coordinates and responds to stimuli. Learn about the central and peripheral nervous systems, reflex actions, neurons, synapses, and the role of neurotransmitters. Understand the differences between voluntary and involuntary responses and how the nervous system interacts with other body systems. Ideal for Cambridge IGCSE students preparing for exams!
1. Sense Organs in Detail
The human body has five major sense organs: the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin. These
organs are responsible for detecting external stimuli and sending signals to the brain for
interpretation. Each sense organ is specialized to respond to specific types of stimuli, allowing us to
perceive the world around us.
1. Eyes
The eyes are the organs responsible for vision. They detect light and convert it into electrical
signals, which are processed by the brain to form images. The main parts of the eye include:
- Cornea: The transparent front part that covers the eye.
- Iris: The colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.
- Pupil: The opening in the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
- Retina: The inner layer of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones).
- Optic Nerve: The nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
2. Ears
The ears are responsible for hearing and maintaining balance. Sound waves are captured by the
outer ear, travel through the ear canal, and vibrate the eardrum. The ear consists of three main
parts:
- Outer Ear: Includes the pinna and ear canal.
- Middle Ear: Contains the eardrum and three small bones (ossicles) that amplify sound.
- Inner Ear: Contains the cochlea, which converts sound vibrations into electrical signals for the
brain.
3. Nose
The nose is the organ of smell (olfaction). It detects airborne chemicals, which are interpreted as
2. different smells. The main parts of the nose involved in smelling include:
- Nasal Cavity: The space inside the nose that filters, warms, and moistens air.
- Olfactory Receptors: Located in the upper nasal cavity, these receptors detect odor molecules and
send signals to the brain.
4. Tongue
The tongue is responsible for taste. It contains taste buds that detect different flavors: sweet, salty,
sour, bitter, and umami. Taste buds are located on the papillae, which are small bumps on the
surface of the tongue.
5. Skin
The skin is the largest sense organ and is responsible for the sense of touch. It detects temperature,
pressure, and pain through sensory receptors. The skin is composed of three main layers:
- Epidermis: The outer layer that protects the body.
- Dermis: The middle layer that contains nerves, blood vessels, and sweat glands.
- Hypodermis: The innermost layer that provides insulation and cushioning.