Income security during retirement is an increasingly important international issue in light of population aging, shrinking or slowly growing populations of working age, and public pension systems under stress. Life expectancy has been increasing, and , when coupled with early exit from the labor force, is resulting in longer periods of time spent in retirement. This period of retirement brings with it a significant international public policy challenge in ensuring that individuals have sufficient income security to live comfortably throughout their retirement years .
Retirement income typically comes from three sources, although different countries rely more on some sources than others. One source is public funding, designed to guarantee through governmental transfers a minimum income standard during retirement. Another source consists of employer-provided pensions, while still another consists of private household savings .
Retirement income typically comes from three sources, although different countries rely more on some sources than others. One source is public funding, designed to guarantee through governmental transfers a minimum income standard during retirement. Another source consists of employer-provided pensions, while still another consists of private household savings .