Signal Flow Graph Examples

Jun 8, 20220 likes86 views

This document provides steps for finding the transfer function from a signal flow graph. It outlines the key steps as: 1) Find the forward paths (F1, F2, etc.), single loops (L1, L2, etc.), and two non-touching loops (L1', L2', etc.). 2) Calculate the 忖 term which accounts for interactions between loops. 3) Calculate the 忖i terms based on which single loops do not touch a given forward path. 4) The transfer function is calculated as the sum of the forward paths multiplied by their respective 忖i terms, divided by the overall 忖 term.

By Prof. Hitesh Dholakiya
Signal Flow Graph
Examples
Control Engineering
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
F
u
n
d
a
Engineering Funda Android App Control System YT Playlist

Steps to find transfer function from Signal flow graph
? Find Forward paths. (E.g. ??, ??, ＃＃ , ??)
? Find Single Loops. (E.g. ??, ??, ＃＃ , ??)
? Find Two Non-Touching Loops (E.g. ??
∩
= ?? ℅ ??)
? Find ?
?= ? ? ? ?????? ????? + ? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ? ＃＃＃＃
? Find ??, ??, ＃＃ , ?? based on forward path
??= ? ? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??
??= ? ? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??
? Transfer Function
?(?)
?(?)
=
???? + ???? + ＃＃ + ????
?
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
F
u
n
d
a
Engineering Funda Android App Control System YT Playlist

R C
-1
-1 -1
1 1
?1 ?2 ?3
?4 ?5
?6
?1 = 1 ℅ ?1 ℅ ?2 ℅ ?3 ℅ 1 = ?1?2?3
Find Forward Path
?2 = 1 ℅ ?4 ℅ ?5 ℅ 1 = ?4?5
Find Single Loops
?1 = ?1 ℅ ?2 ℅ ?3 ℅ ?1 = ??1?2?3
?2 = ?2 ℅ ?1 = ??2
?3 = ?3 ℅ ?1 = ??3
?4 = ?6
?5 = ?4 ℅ ?5 ℅ ?1 = ??4?5
Find Two Non Touching Loops
?1
∩
= ?1 ℅ ?4 = ??1?2?3 ℅ ?6 = ??1?2?3?6
?2
∩
= ?2 ℅ ?4 = ??2 ℅ ?6 = ??2?6
?3
∩
= ?2 ℅ ?5 = ??2 ℅ ??4?5 = ?2?4?5
?4
∩
= ?3 ℅ ?4 = ??3 ℅ ?6 = ??3?6
Find ?
?= 1 ? ? ?????? ????? + ? ??? ??? ???????? ?????
?= 1 ? ??1?2?3 ? ?2 ? ?3 + ?6 ? ?4?5 + (??1?2?3?6 ? ?2?6 + ?2?4?5 ? ?3?6)
Find ??
??= ? ? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??
??= ? ? ??
??= ? ? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??
??= ? + ??
?(?)
?(?)
=
???? + ????
?
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
F
u
n
d
a

R C
1 1 1
?1 ?2 ?3
?4
?1
??1
??2
Find Forward Path
?1 = 1 ℅ ?1 ℅ ?2 ℅ ?3 ℅ 1 ℅ 1 = ?1?2?3
?2 = ?4 ℅ 1 = ?4
Find Single Loops
?1 = ?1 ℅ ?2 ℅ ?1 = ?1?2?1
?2 = ?2 ℅ ??1 = ??2?1
?3 = ?2 ℅ ?3 ℅ ??2 = ??2?3?2
No Two Non Touching Loops
Find ?
?= ? ? ? ?????? ????? + ? ??? ??? ???????? ?????
?= ? ? ?????? ? ???? ? ??????
Find ??
??= ? ? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? = ?
??= ? ? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? = ? + ?????? + ???? ? ??????
?(?)
?(?)
=
???? + ????
?
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
F
u
n
d
a
Engineering Funda Android App Control System YT Playlist

This document discusses constructing a signal flow graph and calculating a transfer function from a set of line equations. It provides the following steps: 1) Construct a signal flow graph from the given line equations relating variables y1-y4. 2) Identify the forward paths (F1, F2, etc.), single loops (L1, L2, etc.), and non-touching loops (L1', etc.) in the graph. 3) Calculate the transfer function expression as the sum of products of forward paths and 忖 values divided by the overall 忖. 4) As an example, it constructs the signal flow graph for the equations provided, identifies the forward paths, loops, and calculates the

Pembuktian sifat sifat logaritmaFranxisca Kurniawati

Relativityedgardoangeles1

Theory of Relativity Maybe travelling in time is an interesting topic. Also the idea of the flow of time at high speeds is a difficult idea to understand. But did you know that in 1905, someone dared to think differently. He is Albert Einstein. Questions such as, what will you see if you are moving at the speed of light? Well, it is argued that light speed is the maximum speed that is available in the entire universe. The speed of light was calculated by Maxwell using the equations of Electromagnetic wave. c=﹟(1/(汍_o 米_o )) We were able to understand that anything that has speed travels a certain distance in space in amount of time. Einstein argued that measurements done on physically observable quantity must be uniform in all inertial reference frame. The problem is there is no such as universal reference frame. This gives rise to the assumption that everyone is moving relative to one another. This would give rise to another claim that is, ※measurements taken from one reference frame, will be different from measurements taken from other frame of reference§. This argument is absurd because it will mean that laws of physics were different for different reference frames. The theory of relativity holds to the fact that the laws of physics were the same for all inertial reference frames. This will be eminent when we apply the concept of the Doppler Effect to sound. We know that whenever the source of the sound moves with a velocity V_s, with respect to the observer there will be a change in the measured frequency. Furthermore there will be more measurements that can be made depending on the observer. So how do we determine the real frequency of the sound emitted by the source? Another instance is when we are on board a plane with some velocity Vplane and we fire a bullet the relative velocity of the bullet on an stationary observer will be; V=Vbullet+Vplane Which is correct in Galilean transformation. Now what if we turn on the headlight of a plane? Would it mean that the speed of light will be the velocity of the plane + the speed of light? (v=c) ?. Absolutely not, because this will violate the premise that, ※the speed of light is constant in a vacuum§. Clearly from the two instances there must be a different formula that will unify measurements made on different reference frame. This method is called transformation. So let us create two equation that will unify measurements in these two instances. The first instance is at the plane, the observer at the plane will have (x,y,z,t). and the observer from the earth will us the coordinates (x^',y^',z^',t^'). So which is it the spaceship is moving away from the earth or the earth is moving away from the spaceship. To fix this, we assume that the origin O and O^'coincide and are parallel to one another at all times. Further more we let t and t^' be equal that is t= t^'. and more....

Folding Cheat Sheet #1 - first in a seriesPhilip Schwarz

This document provides examples of using fold functions to define recursive functions over natural numbers (Nat) and lists. It shows common patterns for defining recursive functions over Nat using foldn and over lists using foldr. Three examples are given of functions defined over Nat using foldn: addition, multiplication, and exponentiation. Three examples are also given of functions defined over lists using foldr: sum, length, and append.

INTEGRAL CALCULUS .pdf hahahahahahhwwhhwhrdxnithishwaran

9-Antiderivatives-of-Algebraic-Functions.pptxdominicdaltoncaling2

05.mdsd_modelado_mecanico_electricoHip車lito Aguilar

This document contains equations and diagrams related to modeling physical systems with elements like mass, springs, dampers, gears, moments of inertia, and electrical components like resistors, inductors, and capacitors. The key equations presented are: 1) Newton's second law for modeling systems with mass (f=ma) and systems with moments of inertia (而=J牟?). 2) Kirchhoff's laws for analyzing electrical circuits - Kirchhoff's voltage law and Kirchhoff's current law. 3) Circuit element equations - Ohm's law (v=Ri), inductance law (v=Ldi/dt), and capacitance law (v=Q/C).

07.mdsd_modelado_termicos_liquidosHip車lito Aguilar

This document discusses heat transfer concepts and equations. It defines key terms like heat flux (Q), temperature (T), thermal resistance (RTH), and thermal capacitance (CTH). It presents equations for one-dimensional heat conduction through a wall or slab using these variables. The equations relate the rate of heat transfer to the temperature difference and thermal resistance. Additional equations scale these concepts to model heat transfer in systems with multiple lumped-capacity elements connected in series.

Cheatsheet - F車rmulas de F赤sica para F赤sica General y F赤sica de IngenierosJose Perez

08.sdcd_ransformada_zHip車lito Aguilar

The document discusses the Z-transform and some of its properties. It defines the Z-transform as the mapping of a discrete-time signal to the complex z-plane. It presents several properties including: the Z-transform of shifted and scaled sequences, the differentiation property relating the Z-transform and differences, the region of convergence, and the inverse Z-transform for retrieving the original discrete-time signal. Common sequences and their Z-transforms are also shown such as the unit impulse, unit step function and ramp.

Carbohydrate MetabolismVedantPatel100

07.5.scd_ejemplosHip車lito Aguilar

This document contains mathematical equations and calculations related to signal processing and dynamic systems. It includes equations for: - The number of levels in a quantization system based on the number of bits - The height of each quantization level - Signal to noise ratio based on the number of bits - The period and frequency of a signal based on its angular frequency - A transfer function relating input and output of a spring-mass-damper system - Finding natural frequency and damping ratio from the system transfer function - Deriving discrete-time transfer functions from continuous transfer functions

Module 7 the antiderivativeREYEMMANUELILUMBA

This document discusses differentiation and integration (antidifferentiation). It provides: 1) An example of differentiating and then integrating (antidifferentiating) a function to reverse the process. 2) The definition that integration is the reversing of differentiation, known as antidifferentiation or indefinite integration. 3) Several formulas for integrating common functions like polynomials, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions.

Module 7 the antiderivativeREYEMMANUELILUMBA

The document discusses antidifferentiation, which is the process of reversing differentiation. It provides examples of differentiating functions to arrive at their derivatives, and then taking the derivatives and integrating them to arrive back at the original functions. The key points are: - Antidifferentiation/indefinite integration undoes the process of differentiation - If the derivative of f(x) is g(x), then an antiderivative of g(x) is f(x) - Several integration formulas and examples are provided to demonstrate how to find antiderivatives of common functions like polynomials, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions

Jordan Higher (?, ?)-Centralizer on Prime RingIOSR Journals

Let ? be a ring and ?, ? be an endomorphisms of ?, in this paper we will present and study the concepts of higher (?, ?)-centralizer, Jordan higher(?, ?)-centralizer and Jordan triple higher (?, ?)- centralizer and their generalization on the ring. The main results are prove that every Jordan higher (?, ?)- centralizer of prime ring ? is higher (?, ?)-centralizer of ? and we prove let ? be a 2-torsion free ring,? ??? ? are commutative endomorphism then every Jordan higher (?, ?)-centralizer is Jordan triple higher (?, ?)- centralizer.

04.mdsd_laplace_fourierHip車lito Aguilar

The document contains mathematical definitions and properties of various signals and transforms. It defines signals like the unit step function u(t), ramp function ramp(t), Dirac delta function 汛(t), exponential signals with complex exponents, and the sign function sgn(t). It also defines their discrete-time counterparts and periodic properties. Key transforms discussed include the Fourier transform F(肋), inverse Fourier transform F-1(肋), and Laplace transform L(s).

Selection on Observablesremoved_62798267384a091db5c693ad7f1cc5ac

This webinar by Peter Lance considered impact evaluation estimation methods based on an identification strategy that assumes we can observe all factors that influence both program participation and the outcome of interest. It was the third webinar in a series of discussions on the popular MEASURE Evaluation manual, How Do We Know If a Program Made a Difference? A Guide to Statistical Methods for Program Impact Evaluation.

SUEC 詢笢 Adv Maths (Biquadratic Equation, Method of Changing the Variable, Rec...tungwc

cinematica de particulaslavadoarroyo

The document contains several physics problems involving kinematics calculations for objects undergoing acceleration and deceleration motions along a straight path. The problems are solved by deriving and integrating equations of motion to determine velocity and position values at given times. Graphs of position, velocity, and acceleration versus time are plotted based on the calculated kinematic relationships.

SUEC 詢笢 Adv Maths (Irrational Part 3)tungwc

The document contains examples of rationalizing denominators by multiplying the irrational terms by their rationalizing factors to obtain rational numbers. It also contains examples of simplifying surd expressions using factoring and the properties of surds. Examples include rationalizing ﹟3/3 and ﹟5/5, as well as simplifying expressions like (﹟3 + ﹟5)/(﹟3 - ﹟5) and (x + y + 2xy)/(x - y). The document provides step-by-step workings for solving quadratic equations with surd terms and irrational equations.

Lipid MetabolismVedantPatel100

Movimiento rectil赤neo uniformeFranklin Jesper

The document discusses various formulas and concepts related to kinematics including: - Formulas for uniform rectilinear motion, free fall motion, and accelerated motion. - Formulas for projectile motion including calculating the initial velocities in the x and y directions and time of flight. - Formulas for circular motion including angular velocity, tangential velocity, and centripetal acceleration. - Units and conversion factors for different force and motion measurement systems.

function power point presentation for class 11 and 12 for jeeMohanSonawane

PhotosynthesisVedantPatel100

Fourier series Santhanam Krishnan

BSC_COMPUTER _SCIENCE_UNIT-2_DISCRETE MATHEMATICSRai University

This document provides an introduction to definite integration and its applications. It defines indefinite integration as finding the integral or primitive function F(x) of a function f(x). Definite integration involves finding the area under a curve defined by a function f(x) over a specified interval. Standard formulae for integrating common functions like polynomials, trigonometric functions, and exponentials are provided. Methods for integrating functions using substitution and integration by parts are described. Examples of applying these techniques to evaluate definite integrals are also given.

SUEC 詢笢 Adv Maths (Rational Root Theorem)tungwc

INVERSE DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORsumanmathews

How do you calculate the particular integral of linear differential equations? Learn this and much more by watching this video. Here, we learn how the inverse differential operator is used to find the particular integral of trigonometric, exponential, polynomial and inverse hyperbolic functions. Problems are explained with the relevant formulae. This is useful for graduate students and engineering students learning Mathematics. For more videos, visit my page https://www.mathmadeeasy.co/about-4 Subscribe to my channel for more videos.

FPGA and CPLD comparisionEngineering Funda

FPGA and CPLD are compared based on 11 parameters. FPGA uses look up tables in its fine grain architecture with around 100,000 blocks, SRAM for memory, and is more complex and costly than CPLD. CPLD uses logic functions in its course grain architecture with fewer blocks, EPROM for memory, and is less complex and costly than FPGA. A key difference is that the program stays in CPLD after power off but is lost in FPGA.

PhotolithographyEngineering Funda

Photolithography is a process used to produce circuit patterns on a silicon layer. It involves two key steps - photographic masking, where a mask containing the desired pattern is used to project UV light onto the silicon wafer, and photographic etching, where either wet etching using chemicals or dry etching using more UV light is used to remove the exposed areas of the layer based on the pattern. The process allows transferring circuit designs onto silicon wafers using UV light and etching.

More Related Content

Similar to Signal Flow Graph Examples (20)

Cheatsheet - F車rmulas de F赤sica para F赤sica General y F赤sica de IngenierosJose Perez

08.sdcd_ransformada_zHip車lito Aguilar

Carbohydrate MetabolismVedantPatel100

07.5.scd_ejemplosHip車lito Aguilar

Module 7 the antiderivativeREYEMMANUELILUMBA

Jordan Higher (?, ?)-Centralizer on Prime RingIOSR Journals

04.mdsd_laplace_fourierHip車lito Aguilar

Selection on Observablesremoved_62798267384a091db5c693ad7f1cc5ac

SUEC 詢笢 Adv Maths (Biquadratic Equation, Method of Changing the Variable, Rec...tungwc

cinematica de particulaslavadoarroyo

SUEC 詢笢 Adv Maths (Irrational Part 3)tungwc

Lipid MetabolismVedantPatel100

Movimiento rectil赤neo uniformeFranklin Jesper

function power point presentation for class 11 and 12 for jeeMohanSonawane

PhotosynthesisVedantPatel100

Fourier series Santhanam Krishnan

BSC_COMPUTER _SCIENCE_UNIT-2_DISCRETE MATHEMATICSRai University

SUEC 詢笢 Adv Maths (Rational Root Theorem)tungwc

INVERSE DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORsumanmathews

Cheatsheet - F車rmulas de F赤sica para F赤sica General y F赤sica de IngenierosJose Perez

08.sdcd_ransformada_zHip車lito Aguilar

Carbohydrate MetabolismVedantPatel100

07.5.scd_ejemplosHip車lito Aguilar

Module 7 the antiderivativeREYEMMANUELILUMBA

Jordan Higher (?, ?)-Centralizer on Prime RingIOSR Journals

04.mdsd_laplace_fourierHip車lito Aguilar

Selection on Observablesremoved_62798267384a091db5c693ad7f1cc5ac

SUEC 詢笢 Adv Maths (Biquadratic Equation, Method of Changing the Variable, Rec...tungwc

cinematica de particulaslavadoarroyo

SUEC 詢笢 Adv Maths (Irrational Part 3)tungwc

Lipid MetabolismVedantPatel100

Movimiento rectil赤neo uniformeFranklin Jesper

function power point presentation for class 11 and 12 for jeeMohanSonawane

PhotosynthesisVedantPatel100

Fourier series Santhanam Krishnan

BSC_COMPUTER _SCIENCE_UNIT-2_DISCRETE MATHEMATICSRai University

SUEC 詢笢 Adv Maths (Rational Root Theorem)tungwc

INVERSE DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORsumanmathews

More from Engineering Funda (20)

FPGA and CPLD comparisionEngineering Funda

PhotolithographyEngineering Funda

Evolution of logic complexityEngineering Funda

This document discusses the evolution of logic complexity in integrated circuits over time. It outlines the progression from MSI in 1967 with 20-200 logic blocks per chip, to LSI in 1972 with 200-2000 blocks, VLSI in 1978 with 2000-20000 blocks, and ULSI in 1989 with over 20000 blocks. It also shows how the minimum feature size of integrated circuits has decreased from 4.0 米m in 1975 to 0.1 米m in 2000, enabling more prominent information technology services and features of integrated circuits like reduced area and power consumption.

VLSI design methodologies Engineering Funda

The document discusses VLSI design methodologies and outlines factors that influence design time such as complexity, performance level, and cost. It notes a tradeoff between performance analysis and design time, where semi-custom designs take less time but offer fewer opportunities for performance improvement than full-custom designs. The document also introduces the concept of a technology window, where the design and production phases must fit within the lifetime of a given technology.

VLSI Design FlowEngineering Funda

The document outlines the VLSI design flow, including the basics where the design starts with specifications and is iteratively modified until requirements are met. It also describes the main stages of the design flow as architecture design, gate-level design, circuit-level design, HDL coding, simulation, verification, and fabrication. Additionally, it explains the three domains of VLSI design as behavioral, structural, and physical.

Channel length ModulationEngineering Funda

This document discusses channel length modulation in MOSFETs. It explains that in saturation, the channel length decreases with increasing drain voltage due to the depletion region extending farther into the channel. This effectively reduces the channel length and increases the drain current. The document derives an expression for drain current that includes a channel length modulation coefficient to model this effect, showing that current increases with higher drain voltages due to the reduced channel length.

Integrated Electronics MCQEngineering Funda

The document contains 51 multiple choice questions about integrated electronics and operational amplifiers. It is a quiz created by Prof. Hitesh Dholakiya to test knowledge of integrated circuits, their applications and characteristics. The questions cover topics like the invention of the integrated circuit, op-amp configurations, integrated circuit packaging and testing specifications. The document promotes an Android app and YouTube playlist by the author on VLSI and engineering fundamentals.

Solid State Devices Interview and Viva QuestionEngineering Funda

This document contains questions and answers related to solid state devices and engineering materials. It discusses topics like thermoplastic and thermosetting materials, semiconductors, insulating materials, superconductivity, magnetic materials, properties of materials like brass and rubber, and properties and uses of mica. The document is in a question answer format with Prof. Hitesh Dholakiya providing explanations to 16 questions on various solid state devices and engineering materials concepts.

SSD MCQEngineering Funda

This document contains 72 multiple choice questions about solid state devices and semiconductor physics. The questions cover topics like atomic structure, semiconductor doping, diode and transistor operation, rectification circuits, and semiconductor materials like silicon and germanium. The questions are intended as a practice test for engineering students to assess their knowledge of solid state devices.

Signal and Systems GATE materialEngineering Funda

Fourier Series Engineering Funda

Laplace transformEngineering Funda

Z Transform Engineering Funda

ConvolutionEngineering Funda

RARDAR MaterialEngineering Funda

This document provides an overview of radar and navigation aids. It begins with an introduction to radar principles, including how radar uses radio waves to detect objects and determine their range. It then discusses key radar concepts like the radar equation, maximum unambiguous range, radar frequencies and applications. The document also covers different types of radars as well as navigation techniques that use radio waves, including radio direction finding, radio ranges, hyperbolic navigation systems and modern GPS. It provides content for a course on radar and navigation aids systems.

RADAR classnoteEngineering Funda

Power Tubes MCQEngineering Funda

This document contains 78 multiple choice questions about power tubes and vacuum tubes asked by Prof. Hitesh Dholakiya. The questions cover topics like the principal electrodes in tubes, how changing grid voltage affects plate current, types of amplification tubes can provide, noise generated by different tube types, and solid state equivalents of vacuum tubes. The document also provides links to an Android app and YouTube playlist about power electronics created by the professor.

Power Electronics interview questionsEngineering Funda

This document contains 68 questions and answers related to power electronics interview questions. It covers topics like IGBTs, thyristors, power diodes, MOSFETs, BJTs, snubber circuits, choppers, controlled rectifiers, inverters, and PWM control. The questions define key power electronics terms and concepts and discuss the advantages and applications of different power devices and converter topologies.

Industrial Electronics MCQEngineering Funda

This document contains 72 multiple choice questions about industrial electronics asked by Prof. Hitesh Dholakiya. The questions cover topics like nucleonic sensing methods, EEG, therapeutic radiology energies, characteristics of devices like SCRs, triacs, diacs, UJTs, and their applications. They also include questions on control systems, root locus analysis, and properties of semiconductors like silicon. The questions are part of an MCQ set created by Prof. Dholakiya to test knowledge of industrial electronics concepts.

RC TriggeringEngineering Funda

This document discusses RC triggering of SCRs. It explains that RC triggering uses a resistor and capacitor to trigger the SCR at a firing angle defined by the RC time constant. It describes half-wave and full-wave RC triggering circuits and how the firing angle can be changed by adjusting the resistor value. Waveforms are presented to illustrate the RC triggering operation for different resistor values in half-wave and full-wave configurations.

FPGA and CPLD comparisionEngineering Funda

PhotolithographyEngineering Funda

Evolution of logic complexityEngineering Funda

VLSI design methodologies Engineering Funda

VLSI Design FlowEngineering Funda

Channel length ModulationEngineering Funda

Integrated Electronics MCQEngineering Funda

Solid State Devices Interview and Viva QuestionEngineering Funda

SSD MCQEngineering Funda

Signal and Systems GATE materialEngineering Funda

Fourier Series Engineering Funda

Laplace transformEngineering Funda

Z Transform Engineering Funda

ConvolutionEngineering Funda

RARDAR MaterialEngineering Funda

RADAR classnoteEngineering Funda

Power Tubes MCQEngineering Funda

Power Electronics interview questionsEngineering Funda

Industrial Electronics MCQEngineering Funda

RC TriggeringEngineering Funda

Recently uploaded (20)

Introduction to Forensic Research Digital ForensicsSaanviMisar

Digital Forensics: Analyzing Cyber Crimes & Investigations This comprehensive guide on Digital Forensics covers key concepts, tools, and methodologies used in investigating cyber crimes. It explores forensic techniques, evidence collection, data recovery, malware analysis, and incident response with real-world applications. Topics Covered: Introduction to Digital Forensics Cybercrime Investigation Process Digital Evidence & Chain of Custody Popular Forensic Tools (Autopsy, EnCase, FTK) Memory & Network Forensics Challenges in Modern Cyber Investigations Ideal for students, cybersecurity professionals, and forensic analysts, this resource provides valuable insights into digital investigations.

Distillation Types & It's Applications 1-Mar-2025.pptxmrcr123

Distillation is a widely used method for separating mixtures?based on differences in the conditions required to change the?phase of components of the mixture. To separate a mixture of liquids, the liquid can be heated to force components, which have different boiling points, into the gas phase. The gas is then condensed back into liquid form and collected. Distillation can be considered as a physical separation process not a chemical reaction. Distillation involves selective evaporation and subsequent condensation of a component in a liquid mixture. It is a separation technique that can be used to either increase the concentration of a particular component in the mixture or to obtain (almost) pure components from the mixture. Under a given pressure, the temperature at which a pure liquid distills (or boils) is known as ※ Boiling Point ※. Technically, the boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals to the surrounding atmospheric pressure, allowing bubbles of vapor to form and rise through the liquid.? Distillation allows one of the liquid mixture's components into a gaseous state, taking advantage of the difference in their boiling points.

Shallow base metal exploration in northern New Brunswick.pdfDUSABEMARIYA

Distributed renewable energy in Colombia.OECD2023.pdfSantiagoCardonaGallo

UHV Unit - 4 HARMONY IN THE NATURE AND EXISTENCE.pptxariomthermal2031

Databricks_Pricingsssssssssssssssss.pptxNguy?n H?i

Production Planning & Control and Inventory Management.pptxVirajPasare

e-health to improve the effectiveness of the Healthcare systemDr INBAMALAR T M

Analysis of Daylighting in Interior Spaces using the Daylight Factor - A Manu...Ignacio J. J. Palma Carazo

Knowledge-Based Agents in AI: Principles, Components, and FunctionalityRashmi Bhat

This PowerPoint presentation provides an in-depth exploration of Knowledge-Based Agents (KBAs) in Artificial Intelligence (AI). It explains how these agents make decisions using stored knowledge and logical reasoning rather than direct sensor input. The presentation covers key components such as the Knowledge Base (KB), Inference Engine, Perception, and Action Execution. Key topics include: ? Definition and Working Mechanism of Knowledge-Based Agents ? The Process of TELL, ASK, and Execution in AI Agents ? Representation of Knowledge and Decision-Making Approaches ? Logical Inference and Rule-Based Reasoning ? Applications of Knowledge-Based Agents in Real-World AI This PPT is useful for students, educators, and AI enthusiasts who want to understand how intelligent agents operate using stored knowledge and logic-based inference. The slides are well-structured with explanations, examples, and an easy-to-follow breakdown of AI agent functions.

NBA Criteria TIER I and TIER II ComparisonDr INBAMALAR T M

Optimize AI Latency & Response Time with LLumosgupta86

Virtual Power plants-Cleantech-RevolutionAshoka Saket

Mastering Secure Login Mechanisms for React Apps.pdfBrion Mario

DBMS Notes selection projection aggregateSreedhar Chowdam

NFPA 70B & 70E Changes and Additions Webinar Presented By FlukeTranscat

Join us for this webinar about NFPA 70B & 70E changes and additions. NFPA 70B and NFPA 70E are both essential standards from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) that focus on electrical safety in the workplace. Both standards are critical for protecting workers, reducing the risk of electrical accidents, and ensuring compliance with safety regulations in industrial and commercial environments. Fluke Sales Applications Manager Curt Geeting is presenting on this engaging topic: Curt has worked for Fluke for 24 years. He currently is the Senior Sales Engineer in the NYC & Philadelphia Metro Markets. In total, Curt has worked 40 years in the industry consisting of 14 years in Test Equipment Distribution, 4+ years in Mfg. Representation, NAED Accreditation, Level 1 Thermographer, Level 1 Vibration Specialist, and Power Quality SME.

Intro PPT SY_HONORS.pptx- Teaching schemePriyanka Dange

Water Industry Process Automation & Control Monthly - April 2025Water Industry Process Automation & Control

Welcome to the April 2025 edition of WIPAC Monthly, the magazine brought to you by the LInkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control. In this month's issue, along with all of the industries news we have a number of great articles for your edification The first article is my annual piece looking behind the storm overflow numbers that are published each year to go into a bit more depth and look at what the numbers are actually saying. The second article is a taster of what people will be seeing at the SWAN Annual Conference next month in Berlin and looks at the use of fibre-optic cable for leak detection and how its a technology we should be using more of The third article, by Rob Stevens, looks at what the options are for the Continuous Water Quality Monitoring that the English Water Companies will be installing over the next year and the need to ensure that we install the right technology from the start. Hope you enjoy the current edition, Oliver

Intro of Airport Engg..pptx-Definition of airport engineering and airport pla...Priyanka Dange

02.BigDataAnalytics curso de Legsi (1).pdfruioliveira1921

Introduction to Forensic Research Digital ForensicsSaanviMisar

Distillation Types & It's Applications 1-Mar-2025.pptxmrcr123

Shallow base metal exploration in northern New Brunswick.pdfDUSABEMARIYA

Distributed renewable energy in Colombia.OECD2023.pdfSantiagoCardonaGallo

UHV Unit - 4 HARMONY IN THE NATURE AND EXISTENCE.pptxariomthermal2031

Databricks_Pricingsssssssssssssssss.pptxNguy?n H?i

Production Planning & Control and Inventory Management.pptxVirajPasare

e-health to improve the effectiveness of the Healthcare systemDr INBAMALAR T M

Analysis of Daylighting in Interior Spaces using the Daylight Factor - A Manu...Ignacio J. J. Palma Carazo

Knowledge-Based Agents in AI: Principles, Components, and FunctionalityRashmi Bhat

NBA Criteria TIER I and TIER II ComparisonDr INBAMALAR T M

Optimize AI Latency & Response Time with LLumosgupta86

Virtual Power plants-Cleantech-RevolutionAshoka Saket

Mastering Secure Login Mechanisms for React Apps.pdfBrion Mario

DBMS Notes selection projection aggregateSreedhar Chowdam

NFPA 70B & 70E Changes and Additions Webinar Presented By FlukeTranscat

Intro PPT SY_HONORS.pptx- Teaching schemePriyanka Dange

Water Industry Process Automation & Control Monthly - April 2025Water Industry Process Automation & Control

Intro of Airport Engg..pptx-Definition of airport engineering and airport pla...Priyanka Dange

02.BigDataAnalytics curso de Legsi (1).pdfruioliveira1921

Signal Flow Graph Examples

1. By Prof. Hitesh Dholakiya Signal Flow Graph Examples Control Engineering E n g i n e e r i n g F u n d a Engineering Funda Android App Control System YT Playlist

2. Steps to find transfer function from Signal flow graph ? Find Forward paths. (E.g. ??, ??, ＃＃ , ??) ? Find Single Loops. (E.g. ??, ??, ＃＃ , ??) ? Find Two Non-Touching Loops (E.g. ?? ∩ = ?? ℅ ??) ? Find ? ?= ? ? ? ?????? ????? + ? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ? ＃＃＃＃ ? Find ??, ??, ＃＃ , ?? based on forward path ??= ? ? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??= ? ? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ? Transfer Function ?(?) ?(?) = ???? + ???? + ＃＃ + ???? ? E n g i n e e r i n g F u n d a Engineering Funda Android App Control System YT Playlist

3. R C -1 -1 -1 1 1 ?1 ?2 ?3 ?4 ?5 ?6 ?1 = 1 ℅ ?1 ℅ ?2 ℅ ?3 ℅ 1 = ?1?2?3 Find Forward Path ?2 = 1 ℅ ?4 ℅ ?5 ℅ 1 = ?4?5 Find Single Loops ?1 = ?1 ℅ ?2 ℅ ?3 ℅ ?1 = ??1?2?3 ?2 = ?2 ℅ ?1 = ??2 ?3 = ?3 ℅ ?1 = ??3 ?4 = ?6 ?5 = ?4 ℅ ?5 ℅ ?1 = ??4?5 Find Two Non Touching Loops ?1 ∩ = ?1 ℅ ?4 = ??1?2?3 ℅ ?6 = ??1?2?3?6 ?2 ∩ = ?2 ℅ ?4 = ??2 ℅ ?6 = ??2?6 ?3 ∩ = ?2 ℅ ?5 = ??2 ℅ ??4?5 = ?2?4?5 ?4 ∩ = ?3 ℅ ?4 = ??3 ℅ ?6 = ??3?6 Find ? ?= 1 ? ? ?????? ????? + ? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?= 1 ? ??1?2?3 ? ?2 ? ?3 + ?6 ? ?4?5 + (??1?2?3?6 ? ?2?6 + ?2?4?5 ? ?3?6) Find ?? ??= ? ? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??= ? ? ?? ??= ? ? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??= ? + ?? ?(?) ?(?) = ???? + ???? ? E n g i n e e r i n g F u n d a

4. R C 1 1 1 ?1 ?2 ?3 ?4 ?1 ??1 ??2 Find Forward Path ?1 = 1 ℅ ?1 ℅ ?2 ℅ ?3 ℅ 1 ℅ 1 = ?1?2?3 ?2 = ?4 ℅ 1 = ?4 Find Single Loops ?1 = ?1 ℅ ?2 ℅ ?1 = ?1?2?1 ?2 = ?2 ℅ ??1 = ??2?1 ?3 = ?2 ℅ ?3 ℅ ??2 = ??2?3?2 No Two Non Touching Loops Find ? ?= ? ? ? ?????? ????? + ? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?= ? ? ?????? ? ???? ? ?????? Find ?? ??= ? ? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? = ? ??= ? ? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? = ? + ?????? + ???? ? ?????? ?(?) ?(?) = ???? + ???? ? E n g i n e e r i n g F u n d a Engineering Funda Android App Control System YT Playlist

端端舝

Signal Flow Graph Examples

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Signal Flow Graph Examples (20)

More from Engineering Funda (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Signal Flow Graph Examples