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Soil

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Ashutosh Tyagi

The document discusses different types of soil found in India. It begins by thanking those who helped with the soil project. It then provides information on soil formation and describes the major soil types in India - alluvial, black, red and yellow, laterite, forest/mountain, and arid soils. For each soil type, it discusses characteristics, location, and crops grown. In total, six major soil types are described that cover different percentages of India's total land area. The document concludes with information on soil erosion and conservation methods.

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Soil
Acknowledgement I would like to express my special thanks to gratitude to my teacher Mr. N.S. Sindhu as well as our principal Mrs. Ritu Dewan who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Soil, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly I would like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
Soil As A Resource Soil is the most important renewable natural resource and a living system which supports many types of living organisms. It take millions of years to form soil up to a few centimeter in depth. Factors like forces of nature (like wind, decomposers, water and glaciers), relief, nature of bed rock, climate, vegetation, other forms of life's as well as time play a very important role in the formation of soil. Chemical and organic changes happened in the soil are equally important. It consist of both inorganic and organic materials (i.e. humus). Soils in India are classified into different types on the basis of chemical and physical factors like color, thickness, texture, age etc.
Soil Profile Diagram
Classification Of Soil Soils in India can be classified into various types given below: 1. Alluvial Soil 2. Black soil 3. Red and Yellow Soil 4. Laterite Soil 5. Forest And Mountain Soil 6. Arid Soil
Pie Chart showing the Soil distribution in India Alluvial Soil 50% Black Soil 17% Red And Yellow Soil 12% Laterite Soil 8% Forest Or Mountain Soil 9% Arid Soil 4% % Occupied by Soil of India's Total Geographical Area Alluvial Soil Black Soil Red And Yellow Soil Laterite Soil Forest Or Mountain Soil Arid Soil
Alluvial Soil This is the most widespread soil in India, which has been deposited by three important Himalayan river system the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, covering about 45.6% of the area. It is made up of slit, sand and clay rich in nutrients like Potash, Phosphoric Acid and Lime, which are suitable for growing paddy, wheat, sugarcane, and other cereals and pulse crop.
Some features of Alluvial Soil Due to its high fertility, areas having this soil are intensively cultivated and densely populated. This soil is prevalent in river valleys of the Northern plain(Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra), strips in Gujarat and Rajasthan, as well as in Eastern coastal plains in the deltas of rivers of the Peninsular Plateau(Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri). These soil are more common in the piedmont plains or plains at the foothills such as Duars, Chos and Terai. It is also known as transported soil, as the soil has been transported by the rivers to its current location. In contrast, sedimentary soils develop near their original location. The particles of this soil are bigger and coarser in the upper reaches of the rivers and become finer as the river flows down. It can also be described on the basis of age. The older alluvial soil, further away from the rivers, is known as Banger, whereas the newer soil near the river is known as Khader. This is lighter in color, has finer particles and is more fertile than Bangar soil. Alluvial soil in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and irrigation.
Black Soil This is also known as Black Cotton Soil or regur soil. It covers 16% of Indias total geographical area. This type of soil is rich in nutrients like Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Carbonate, Potash and Lime, but is poor in Phosphoric content. It is black in color and best for growing the cotton crop.
Some features of Black Soil It has been formed by climatic conditions and the parent rock material. It is found in the Deccan Trap(Basalt) region and it is made up of lava flows. This soil covers the plateau areas of Saurashtra, Maharashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and also lies along the valleys of the Godavari and Krishna rivers. Black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. It develops deep cracks during the hot summer, which helps in aeration of the soil, but becomes sticky when wet and becomes difficult to be tilted. It needs to be tilted just after the first rain or immediately before.
Red and Yellow Soil It covers 10.6% of Indias total geographical area. The red color of this type of soil is due to diffusion of iron particles into crystalline and metamorphic rocks in low rainfall areas of the Deccan Plateau. Where it is found in hydrated form, it turns yellow. It is thus found in parts of Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and the Chota Nagpur plateau areas of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
Laterite Soil The word laterite has been derived from the Latin word later which means brick. It covers about 7.2% of Indias total geographical areas. It develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall, resulting in intense leaching due to heavy rain. This soil has low humus content due to the microorganisms getting destroyed due to high temperature. It can be made cultivable with adequate amounts of manure and chemical fertilizers. It is useful for growing coffee, tea, cashew, tapioca and cinchona. These soil are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and hilly areas of Odisha and Assam etc.
Laterite Soil
Forest Or Mountain Soil It covers 8% of Indias total geographical area. It is found in hilly and mountainous areas of the country where sufficient forests are available. Its texture varies with the mountain environment where it is formed. They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes. In the snow covered area of Himalayas due to denudation, soils are acidic with low humus content. This soil is useful for cultivating spices, tea, coffee and tropical fruits. It is found in lower parts of valleys particularly on the river terraces and in the hilly regions of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
Mountain Soil
Arid Soils This soil covers about 4% of Indias total geographical area. It is sandy in texture, saline in nature and red to brown in color. It lacks humus and moisture due to dry climate, high temperature and faster rate of evaporation. In some areas common salt obtained in this soil due to evaporation of water. It can be useful for cultivation only with suitable irrigation methods and is useful for growing barley, wheat, cotton, maize, millets and pulses. This soil is found in Western parts of Rajasthan, Northern Gujarat and Southern parts of Haryana. In the lower horizons of the soil, Kankar are found due to increasing Calcium content downwards which restrict the infiltration of water. After proper irrigation, these soils can become cultivable as in the case of Ganganagar district of Western Rajasthan.
Arid(Desert) Soil
Map of Soil in India.
Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is describe as soil erosion. The process of soil formation and soil erosion go on simultaneously and generally there is a balance between the two. Sometimes, this balance is disturbed due to human causes like deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining etc. There are two main causes of deforestation: 1. Natural Causes 2. Human Causes
Natural Causes of Soil Erosion Erosion through wind, glacier and water are natural causes. Wind erosion occurs due to wind blowing off the loose soil in the top layer, unless it is held down by binding agents like trees, bushes etc. This can be reduced by methods of strip and planting of shelter belts of trees in arid and semi-arid regions Strip Cropping : Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping. Shelter Belts: Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works as similar as strip cropping works. Rows of such trees are called shelter belts.
Human Causes of Soil Erosion Deforestation, overgrazing, and faulty methods of agriculture are human actions which cause soil erosion. Indiscrimination cutting of trees to increase area under cultivation has caused large-scale damage to soil in the Shiwalik range, parts of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Overgrazing has taken place in hilly regions of Jammu Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and the drier areas of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka. Soil Conservation in hilly areas is done by contour ploughing and Terrance farming.
Thank You!!! Submitted By: Ashutosh Tyagi Class: X-C

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Soil

  • 2. Acknowledgement I would like to express my special thanks to gratitude to my teacher Mr. N.S. Sindhu as well as our principal Mrs. Ritu Dewan who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Soil, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly I would like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
  • 3. Soil As A Resource Soil is the most important renewable natural resource and a living system which supports many types of living organisms. It take millions of years to form soil up to a few centimeter in depth. Factors like forces of nature (like wind, decomposers, water and glaciers), relief, nature of bed rock, climate, vegetation, other forms of life's as well as time play a very important role in the formation of soil. Chemical and organic changes happened in the soil are equally important. It consist of both inorganic and organic materials (i.e. humus). Soils in India are classified into different types on the basis of chemical and physical factors like color, thickness, texture, age etc.
  • 5. Classification Of Soil Soils in India can be classified into various types given below: 1. Alluvial Soil 2. Black soil 3. Red and Yellow Soil 4. Laterite Soil 5. Forest And Mountain Soil 6. Arid Soil
  • 6. Pie Chart showing the Soil distribution in India Alluvial Soil 50% Black Soil 17% Red And Yellow Soil 12% Laterite Soil 8% Forest Or Mountain Soil 9% Arid Soil 4% % Occupied by Soil of India's Total Geographical Area Alluvial Soil Black Soil Red And Yellow Soil Laterite Soil Forest Or Mountain Soil Arid Soil
  • 7. Alluvial Soil This is the most widespread soil in India, which has been deposited by three important Himalayan river system the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, covering about 45.6% of the area. It is made up of slit, sand and clay rich in nutrients like Potash, Phosphoric Acid and Lime, which are suitable for growing paddy, wheat, sugarcane, and other cereals and pulse crop.
  • 8. Some features of Alluvial Soil Due to its high fertility, areas having this soil are intensively cultivated and densely populated. This soil is prevalent in river valleys of the Northern plain(Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra), strips in Gujarat and Rajasthan, as well as in Eastern coastal plains in the deltas of rivers of the Peninsular Plateau(Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri). These soil are more common in the piedmont plains or plains at the foothills such as Duars, Chos and Terai. It is also known as transported soil, as the soil has been transported by the rivers to its current location. In contrast, sedimentary soils develop near their original location. The particles of this soil are bigger and coarser in the upper reaches of the rivers and become finer as the river flows down. It can also be described on the basis of age. The older alluvial soil, further away from the rivers, is known as Banger, whereas the newer soil near the river is known as Khader. This is lighter in color, has finer particles and is more fertile than Bangar soil. Alluvial soil in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and irrigation.
  • 9. Black Soil This is also known as Black Cotton Soil or regur soil. It covers 16% of Indias total geographical area. This type of soil is rich in nutrients like Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Carbonate, Potash and Lime, but is poor in Phosphoric content. It is black in color and best for growing the cotton crop.
  • 10. Some features of Black Soil It has been formed by climatic conditions and the parent rock material. It is found in the Deccan Trap(Basalt) region and it is made up of lava flows. This soil covers the plateau areas of Saurashtra, Maharashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and also lies along the valleys of the Godavari and Krishna rivers. Black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. It develops deep cracks during the hot summer, which helps in aeration of the soil, but becomes sticky when wet and becomes difficult to be tilted. It needs to be tilted just after the first rain or immediately before.
  • 11. Red and Yellow Soil It covers 10.6% of Indias total geographical area. The red color of this type of soil is due to diffusion of iron particles into crystalline and metamorphic rocks in low rainfall areas of the Deccan Plateau. Where it is found in hydrated form, it turns yellow. It is thus found in parts of Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and the Chota Nagpur plateau areas of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.
  • 12. Laterite Soil The word laterite has been derived from the Latin word later which means brick. It covers about 7.2% of Indias total geographical areas. It develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall, resulting in intense leaching due to heavy rain. This soil has low humus content due to the microorganisms getting destroyed due to high temperature. It can be made cultivable with adequate amounts of manure and chemical fertilizers. It is useful for growing coffee, tea, cashew, tapioca and cinchona. These soil are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and hilly areas of Odisha and Assam etc.
  • 14. Forest Or Mountain Soil It covers 8% of Indias total geographical area. It is found in hilly and mountainous areas of the country where sufficient forests are available. Its texture varies with the mountain environment where it is formed. They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes. In the snow covered area of Himalayas due to denudation, soils are acidic with low humus content. This soil is useful for cultivating spices, tea, coffee and tropical fruits. It is found in lower parts of valleys particularly on the river terraces and in the hilly regions of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
  • 16. Arid Soils This soil covers about 4% of Indias total geographical area. It is sandy in texture, saline in nature and red to brown in color. It lacks humus and moisture due to dry climate, high temperature and faster rate of evaporation. In some areas common salt obtained in this soil due to evaporation of water. It can be useful for cultivation only with suitable irrigation methods and is useful for growing barley, wheat, cotton, maize, millets and pulses. This soil is found in Western parts of Rajasthan, Northern Gujarat and Southern parts of Haryana. In the lower horizons of the soil, Kankar are found due to increasing Calcium content downwards which restrict the infiltration of water. After proper irrigation, these soils can become cultivable as in the case of Ganganagar district of Western Rajasthan.
  • 18. Map of Soil in India.
  • 19. Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is describe as soil erosion. The process of soil formation and soil erosion go on simultaneously and generally there is a balance between the two. Sometimes, this balance is disturbed due to human causes like deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining etc. There are two main causes of deforestation: 1. Natural Causes 2. Human Causes
  • 20. Natural Causes of Soil Erosion Erosion through wind, glacier and water are natural causes. Wind erosion occurs due to wind blowing off the loose soil in the top layer, unless it is held down by binding agents like trees, bushes etc. This can be reduced by methods of strip and planting of shelter belts of trees in arid and semi-arid regions Strip Cropping : Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping. Shelter Belts: Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works as similar as strip cropping works. Rows of such trees are called shelter belts.
  • 21. Human Causes of Soil Erosion Deforestation, overgrazing, and faulty methods of agriculture are human actions which cause soil erosion. Indiscrimination cutting of trees to increase area under cultivation has caused large-scale damage to soil in the Shiwalik range, parts of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Overgrazing has taken place in hilly regions of Jammu Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and the drier areas of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka. Soil Conservation in hilly areas is done by contour ploughing and Terrance farming.