Debraj Karmakar is pursuing a B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering and discusses the importance of cybersecurity in protecting networks and devices. Key principles include confidentiality, integrity, and availability, which safeguard against cybercrime and unauthorized access. The document also outlines various roles within cybersecurity, including ethical hackers and security analysts.
Suricata is an open source intrusion detection and prevention system. It can perform network security monitoring by analyzing network traffic and detecting threats through signatures. Suricata supports offline analysis of PCAP files, traffic recording, automatic protocol detection, and JSON output of events and alerts. It is configured through a YAML file and rules files, and can output logs to files, databases like MySQL, or syslog. Signatures use keywords to detect threats based on payload, HTTP, DNS, flow, file, and IP reputation attributes.
What is Asymmetric Encryption? Understand with Simple ExamplesCheapSSLsecurity
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Asymmetric encryption, or public-key cryptography, uses a pair of mathematically connected keys—a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. This method enhances security in data transmission, such as in SSL/TLS certificates, by allowing one-way communication and identity verification without sharing the private key. Despite its security benefits, asymmetric encryption is slower than symmetric encryption, which is why both methods are often used together.
SECRY - Secure file storage on cloud using hybrid cryptographyALIN BABU
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The document presents a project on secure file storage in the cloud using hybrid cryptography techniques, detailing the problem of data security in cloud computing and proposing a distributed, encrypted storage system that splits files into shards. It outlines existing literature, system architecture, implementation phases, and cryptographic algorithms used for file encryption and decryption. The project aims to enhance data integrity, confidentiality, and security while eliminating third-party access.
This document is a technical report submitted by Nikhil Kumar Chaudhary on the topic of cyber crime and security. It includes an abstract, introduction, sections on what cyber crime means and different types of cyber crimes. It also discusses the threats of cyber crimes in India, trends in India, and ways to tackle cyber crimes. Tables and figures are included to illustrate country distributions of cyber crimes and the rise of cyber crimes in India.
The document provides an overview of cyber security concepts including definitions of cyber security, hackers, and types of cyber attacks such as web-based attacks, system-based attacks, and common attack methods like phishing, brute force attacks, and denial of service attacks. It also discusses cyber security defenses, tools, and strategies such as firewalls, antivirus software, intrusion detection systems, access controls, encryption, employee training, and security audits. Key terms like ports, IP addresses, port scanning, security operations centers (SOCs), zero-trust models, and ethical hacking are also defined.
The document discusses the rising concern of internal threats within organizations, emphasizing the necessity for effective IT security measures to protect sensitive personal information. It highlights methods internal actors use to perpetrate data breaches and stresses the importance of user training, access control, monitoring software, and incident response plans to mitigate risks. The paper also reviews a proposed solution utilizing SIEM technology to integrate preventive, detective, and responsive security measures for comprehensive internal threat protection.
This document provides an overview of cryptography concepts including symmetric and asymmetric key algorithms, cryptographic hashes, and tools for cryptanalysis. It defines common terminology like plaintext, ciphertext, encryption, and decryption. Symmetric algorithms discussed include the Vernam cipher, A5/1, DES, AES, and RC4. Asymmetric algorithms covered are RSA and Diffie-Hellman key exchange. Cryptographic hashes like MD5 and SHA-1 are also summarized along with resources for cryptanalysis.
The document provides size charts for various types of shirts including toddler t-shirts, youth t-shirts, junior t-shirts, adult t-shirts, and sweatshirts/hoodies. Each chart lists the size, any alternative sizing, target age range if applicable, and chest and length measurements for each size.
This document provides an overview of visual cryptography, including its introduction, types, implementation methods, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Visual cryptography allows visual information like pictures and text to be encrypted in a way that can be decrypted by the human visual system. It was pioneered in 1994 and works by splitting an image into shares such that stacking a sufficient number of shares reveals the original image. The document discusses various visual cryptography schemes and their properties.
Cryptography is the practice of securing communication and information by converting plaintext into ciphertext. The document provides an introduction to cryptography including its history from ancient times to the present. It discusses terminology like plaintext, encryption, ciphertext, decryption, and keys. Symmetric key cryptography uses a single key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric key cryptography uses two different keys. Examples of symmetric methods are DES, 3DES, AES, and RC4, while RSA is a common asymmetric method. Applications of cryptography include ATMs, email passwords, e-payments, e-commerce, electronic voting, defense services, securing data, and access control.
The document presents a comprehensive overview of cryptography and steganography, discussing its definition, history, key terminologies, types, and algorithms such as RSA and DES. It highlights the importance of cryptography in securing communications, ensuring data integrity, privacy, and authentication. Additionally, it contrasts symmetric and public-key cryptography while explaining key distribution challenges and types of encryption systems.
Cryptographic hashing functions are used to map data of arbitrary size to fixed-size values to facilitate data storage and transmission. They have properties such as preimage and collision resistance to make them unpredictable and secure. Popular cryptographic hashing algorithms include MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-2. Hashing functions are used for applications like digital signatures, password security, and message authentication. Techniques like salting hashes make them more resistant to brute force and pre-computed rainbow table attacks.
The document discusses finding the shortest route from Kota Bharu to Kuala Koh National Park in Kelantan, Malaysia using Dijkstra's parallel graph algorithm. The route passes through several places including Stong Mountain, Cintawasa Mountain, and Berangkat Mountain. Dijkstra's algorithm works by assigning infinite distances at first, then updating distances through visited neighbors until reaching the destination. The shortest path found is A to C to B to D to E, representing Kota Bharu to Stong Mountain to Cintawasa Mountain to Berangkat Mountain to Kuala Koh National Park.
The document discusses the Diffie-Hellman-Merkle key exchange, highlighting the contributions of Whitfield Diffie, Martin Hellman, and Ralph Merkle. It explains the process of securely exchanging secret keys using modular arithmetic and the concept of Merkle puzzles, while also addressing vulnerabilities such as man-in-the-middle attacks and the importance of public key cryptography for authentication. The document emphasizes the continuous need for advancements in cryptographic methods to counter evolving decryption techniques.
Hacking refers to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain unauthorized access to secured networks and private information. There are different types of hackers, including black hats who hack maliciously, white hats who are ethical hackers, and script kiddies who use tools created by black hats. Common hacking methods include password guessing, software exploitation, backdoors, and trojans. Once inside a network, a hacker can steal or modify files, install backdoors, and attack other systems. Intrusion detection and prevention systems can help monitor for hacking attempts. Hacking is a felony in most countries and can carry heavy fines and prison sentences if prosecuted.
The document discusses insider threats, which are malicious risks to an organization posed by individuals within, including employees and contractors. It categorizes insider threats into negligent, malicious, and compromised insiders and outlines various measures for prevention and detection. The conclusion emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach involving IT, HR, and legal considerations to effectively manage insider threats.
Cyber security threats and its solutionsmaryrowling
?
The document provides an overview of cybersecurity threats such as data breaches, malware, spyware, phishing, and computer viruses, highlighting the importance of safeguarding sensitive data. It suggests various protective measures including updating software, using strong passwords, installing firewalls, and avoiding suspicious emails. The company Sudo Protect is recommended as a reputable cybersecurity provider in Dubai for comprehensive protection against these threats.
Cryptography is the practice and study of securing communication through techniques like encryption. It has evolved through manual, mechanical, and modern eras using computers. Cryptography aims to achieve goals like authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and non-repudiation. Common attacks include brute force, chosen plaintext, and differential power analysis. Symmetric cryptography uses a shared key while asymmetric uses public/private key pairs. Digital signatures and watermarks can authenticate documents. DRM and watermarks control digital content distribution.
The presentation by Dr. Naim R. Kidwai discusses the critical role of cryptography in protecting information in the digital era, emphasizing concepts such as encryption, decryption, and key management. It highlights the essential goals of cryptography including authentication, confidentiality, data integrity, and non-repudiation, and provides examples of historical ciphers and modern techniques like symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography. Additionally, the document addresses common threats to information security and the importance of key size in determining the security of encryption methods.
The document discusses the rapid growth of the internet in India and the emergence of cyber crime as a significant issue, detailing various types of cyber crimes such as hacking, identity theft, and cyber terrorism. It highlights the vulnerabilities associated with online activities and provides case studies, statistics, and prevention methods to combat cyber threats. The document emphasizes the importance of internet security and the measures individuals can take to protect themselves from cyber attacks.
Cyber terrorism uses digital technology and computer networks to threaten or attack victims. There are three types of cyber terrorism attacks ranging from simple hacking to complex coordinated attacks. Examples include ATM failures, power outages, and airline crashes. While cyber terrorism allows anonymity and worldwide reach, protecting against it requires unique passwords, monitoring systems for defects, and avoiding suspicious websites or emails. As technology increasingly underpins society, cyber attacks pose a serious national security risk.
Cyber forensics deals with the investigation and analysis of computer systems involved in cyber crimes, while digital forensics involves any digital device for the purpose of a legal investigation. Cyber forensics is a branch of digital forensics that focuses specifically on computer systems and networks. Both fields involve the identification, collection, preservation, analysis and presentation of digital evidence from various devices in relation to crimes. Proper collection and preservation of digital evidence requires following protocols like photographing devices, noting identifying details, removing power sources safely if destructive devices are suspected, and securely storing devices to prevent damage prior to analysis.
This document discusses various types of cyber crimes including crimes against individuals, property, organizations and society. It describes causes of cyber crimes such as passion of youngsters, desire for recognition or money, and security issues. It then focuses on specific cyber crimes like unauthorized access, viruses, trojans, hacking, social engineering techniques like phishing and baiting, and spam. Common hacking tools are also outlined. Throughout, methods of prevention and popular examples are provided for each topic.
The document provides an overview of digital signatures, including their history, theory, workings, and importance. Digital signatures were first proposed in 1976 and use public key cryptography to validate the authenticity and integrity of electronic documents and messages. They work by encrypting a hash of the message with the sender's private key, which can later be decrypted and verified by the recipient using the sender's public key. This allows the recipient to confirm the message has not been tampered with and was signed by the proper sender. Digital signatures provide security benefits like non-repudiation and are legally recognized in many countries and applications.
This document provides an overview of cryptography and its applications. It discusses the history of cryptography beginning in ancient Egypt. It defines basic cryptography terminology like plaintext, ciphertext, cipher, key, encryption, decryption, cryptography, and cryptanalysis. It describes classical ciphers like the Caesar cipher and substitution ciphers. It also discusses cryptanalysis techniques, transposition ciphers, modern symmetric ciphers, public key cryptography including RSA, key distribution methods, and hybrid encryption.
This document discusses cryptography, which is the science of secure communication. It covers the basics of cryptography including its objectives, components, terminology, types, and advantages. Specifically, it explains how cryptography ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of information. It also discusses symmetric and asymmetric encryption methods. Symmetric encryption uses a shared key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric encryption uses public and private key pairs. The document highlights how cryptography provides secure communication methods and is important for both military and everyday applications.
This document discusses competence in professional ethics and case studies. It emphasizes developing ethical competence through understanding human values like trust, respect and cooperation. It discusses how professions can fulfill the comprehensive human goal by contributing to livelihoods and society. However, today many unethical practices exist due to a focus on profit maximization over service, which creates contradictions. The only resolution is developing right understanding and ethical competence through values education.
The document discusses key concepts in analytic geometry, derivatives, functions, sequences, and trigonometric functions. It provides explanations of these concepts and their fundamental properties, as well as examples of how they apply to high-level math problems.
The document provides size charts for various types of shirts including toddler t-shirts, youth t-shirts, junior t-shirts, adult t-shirts, and sweatshirts/hoodies. Each chart lists the size, any alternative sizing, target age range if applicable, and chest and length measurements for each size.
This document provides an overview of visual cryptography, including its introduction, types, implementation methods, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Visual cryptography allows visual information like pictures and text to be encrypted in a way that can be decrypted by the human visual system. It was pioneered in 1994 and works by splitting an image into shares such that stacking a sufficient number of shares reveals the original image. The document discusses various visual cryptography schemes and their properties.
Cryptography is the practice of securing communication and information by converting plaintext into ciphertext. The document provides an introduction to cryptography including its history from ancient times to the present. It discusses terminology like plaintext, encryption, ciphertext, decryption, and keys. Symmetric key cryptography uses a single key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric key cryptography uses two different keys. Examples of symmetric methods are DES, 3DES, AES, and RC4, while RSA is a common asymmetric method. Applications of cryptography include ATMs, email passwords, e-payments, e-commerce, electronic voting, defense services, securing data, and access control.
The document presents a comprehensive overview of cryptography and steganography, discussing its definition, history, key terminologies, types, and algorithms such as RSA and DES. It highlights the importance of cryptography in securing communications, ensuring data integrity, privacy, and authentication. Additionally, it contrasts symmetric and public-key cryptography while explaining key distribution challenges and types of encryption systems.
Cryptographic hashing functions are used to map data of arbitrary size to fixed-size values to facilitate data storage and transmission. They have properties such as preimage and collision resistance to make them unpredictable and secure. Popular cryptographic hashing algorithms include MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-2. Hashing functions are used for applications like digital signatures, password security, and message authentication. Techniques like salting hashes make them more resistant to brute force and pre-computed rainbow table attacks.
The document discusses finding the shortest route from Kota Bharu to Kuala Koh National Park in Kelantan, Malaysia using Dijkstra's parallel graph algorithm. The route passes through several places including Stong Mountain, Cintawasa Mountain, and Berangkat Mountain. Dijkstra's algorithm works by assigning infinite distances at first, then updating distances through visited neighbors until reaching the destination. The shortest path found is A to C to B to D to E, representing Kota Bharu to Stong Mountain to Cintawasa Mountain to Berangkat Mountain to Kuala Koh National Park.
The document discusses the Diffie-Hellman-Merkle key exchange, highlighting the contributions of Whitfield Diffie, Martin Hellman, and Ralph Merkle. It explains the process of securely exchanging secret keys using modular arithmetic and the concept of Merkle puzzles, while also addressing vulnerabilities such as man-in-the-middle attacks and the importance of public key cryptography for authentication. The document emphasizes the continuous need for advancements in cryptographic methods to counter evolving decryption techniques.
Hacking refers to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain unauthorized access to secured networks and private information. There are different types of hackers, including black hats who hack maliciously, white hats who are ethical hackers, and script kiddies who use tools created by black hats. Common hacking methods include password guessing, software exploitation, backdoors, and trojans. Once inside a network, a hacker can steal or modify files, install backdoors, and attack other systems. Intrusion detection and prevention systems can help monitor for hacking attempts. Hacking is a felony in most countries and can carry heavy fines and prison sentences if prosecuted.
The document discusses insider threats, which are malicious risks to an organization posed by individuals within, including employees and contractors. It categorizes insider threats into negligent, malicious, and compromised insiders and outlines various measures for prevention and detection. The conclusion emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach involving IT, HR, and legal considerations to effectively manage insider threats.
Cyber security threats and its solutionsmaryrowling
?
The document provides an overview of cybersecurity threats such as data breaches, malware, spyware, phishing, and computer viruses, highlighting the importance of safeguarding sensitive data. It suggests various protective measures including updating software, using strong passwords, installing firewalls, and avoiding suspicious emails. The company Sudo Protect is recommended as a reputable cybersecurity provider in Dubai for comprehensive protection against these threats.
Cryptography is the practice and study of securing communication through techniques like encryption. It has evolved through manual, mechanical, and modern eras using computers. Cryptography aims to achieve goals like authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and non-repudiation. Common attacks include brute force, chosen plaintext, and differential power analysis. Symmetric cryptography uses a shared key while asymmetric uses public/private key pairs. Digital signatures and watermarks can authenticate documents. DRM and watermarks control digital content distribution.
The presentation by Dr. Naim R. Kidwai discusses the critical role of cryptography in protecting information in the digital era, emphasizing concepts such as encryption, decryption, and key management. It highlights the essential goals of cryptography including authentication, confidentiality, data integrity, and non-repudiation, and provides examples of historical ciphers and modern techniques like symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography. Additionally, the document addresses common threats to information security and the importance of key size in determining the security of encryption methods.
The document discusses the rapid growth of the internet in India and the emergence of cyber crime as a significant issue, detailing various types of cyber crimes such as hacking, identity theft, and cyber terrorism. It highlights the vulnerabilities associated with online activities and provides case studies, statistics, and prevention methods to combat cyber threats. The document emphasizes the importance of internet security and the measures individuals can take to protect themselves from cyber attacks.
Cyber terrorism uses digital technology and computer networks to threaten or attack victims. There are three types of cyber terrorism attacks ranging from simple hacking to complex coordinated attacks. Examples include ATM failures, power outages, and airline crashes. While cyber terrorism allows anonymity and worldwide reach, protecting against it requires unique passwords, monitoring systems for defects, and avoiding suspicious websites or emails. As technology increasingly underpins society, cyber attacks pose a serious national security risk.
Cyber forensics deals with the investigation and analysis of computer systems involved in cyber crimes, while digital forensics involves any digital device for the purpose of a legal investigation. Cyber forensics is a branch of digital forensics that focuses specifically on computer systems and networks. Both fields involve the identification, collection, preservation, analysis and presentation of digital evidence from various devices in relation to crimes. Proper collection and preservation of digital evidence requires following protocols like photographing devices, noting identifying details, removing power sources safely if destructive devices are suspected, and securely storing devices to prevent damage prior to analysis.
This document discusses various types of cyber crimes including crimes against individuals, property, organizations and society. It describes causes of cyber crimes such as passion of youngsters, desire for recognition or money, and security issues. It then focuses on specific cyber crimes like unauthorized access, viruses, trojans, hacking, social engineering techniques like phishing and baiting, and spam. Common hacking tools are also outlined. Throughout, methods of prevention and popular examples are provided for each topic.
The document provides an overview of digital signatures, including their history, theory, workings, and importance. Digital signatures were first proposed in 1976 and use public key cryptography to validate the authenticity and integrity of electronic documents and messages. They work by encrypting a hash of the message with the sender's private key, which can later be decrypted and verified by the recipient using the sender's public key. This allows the recipient to confirm the message has not been tampered with and was signed by the proper sender. Digital signatures provide security benefits like non-repudiation and are legally recognized in many countries and applications.
This document provides an overview of cryptography and its applications. It discusses the history of cryptography beginning in ancient Egypt. It defines basic cryptography terminology like plaintext, ciphertext, cipher, key, encryption, decryption, cryptography, and cryptanalysis. It describes classical ciphers like the Caesar cipher and substitution ciphers. It also discusses cryptanalysis techniques, transposition ciphers, modern symmetric ciphers, public key cryptography including RSA, key distribution methods, and hybrid encryption.
This document discusses cryptography, which is the science of secure communication. It covers the basics of cryptography including its objectives, components, terminology, types, and advantages. Specifically, it explains how cryptography ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of information. It also discusses symmetric and asymmetric encryption methods. Symmetric encryption uses a shared key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric encryption uses public and private key pairs. The document highlights how cryptography provides secure communication methods and is important for both military and everyday applications.
This document discusses competence in professional ethics and case studies. It emphasizes developing ethical competence through understanding human values like trust, respect and cooperation. It discusses how professions can fulfill the comprehensive human goal by contributing to livelihoods and society. However, today many unethical practices exist due to a focus on profit maximization over service, which creates contradictions. The only resolution is developing right understanding and ethical competence through values education.
The document discusses key concepts in analytic geometry, derivatives, functions, sequences, and trigonometric functions. It provides explanations of these concepts and their fundamental properties, as well as examples of how they apply to high-level math problems.
1. The document discusses the GRE exam and provides tips for preparing for it. It recommends studying vocabulary, practicing math problems, and taking practice exams.
2. It also suggests focusing on your weaknesses, using study guides, and allowing plenty of time for preparation over several months.
3. In summary, the document provides advice on preparing for the GRE such as studying vocabulary, practicing math, taking practice tests, focusing on weaknesses, using study guides, and preparing over several months.
The document discusses several mathematical models and algorithms used in internet information retrieval and search engines:
1. Markov chain methods can be used to model a user's web surfing behavior and page visit transitions.
2. BrowseRank models user browsing as a Markov process to calculate page importance based on observed user behavior rather than artificial assumptions.
3. Learning to rank problems in information retrieval can be framed as a two-layer statistical learning problem where queries are the first layer and document relevance judgments are the second layer.
4. Stability theory can provide generalization bounds for learning to rank algorithms under this two-layer framework. Modifying algorithms like SVM and Boosting to have query-level stability improves performance.
The document discusses stochastic processes and Brownian motion. It introduces Kolmogorov's definition of stochastic processes from 1933. It then describes It? stochastic calculus from 1942, including It?'s formula for stochastic differential equations driven by Brownian motion. The document contrasts strong and weak solutions to stochastic differential equations.
The document summarizes the history and development of mathematical competitions and elementary mathematics studies in China. It describes how mathematical competitions began in China in 1956 and have expanded significantly since, inspiring educational and academic advances. It also outlines the growth of research in elementary mathematics among high school teachers and the establishment of organizations to support this field.
Professional Development Of Chinese Mathematics Teachers Research A Review Of...Xu jiakon
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This document reviews research on the professional development of Chinese mathematics teachers over the past 30 years. It describes 3 stages of development from 1978-2008 and characteristics of the research including expanding topics and deepening analysis. It also outlines key theories and models proposed, including Ping Yu's knowledge structure model for mathematics teachers. The document notes advances in pre-service and in-service teacher training systems and calls for future research to strengthen theoretical frameworks and specialty areas in developing Chinese mathematics teachers.
On Mathematics Learning Perspective Among Teachers And Students In ChinaXu jiakon
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The document discusses issues with mathematics education in China, including conceptions, teaching attitudes, and learning methodologies. It notes that mathematics is often viewed as a tool for selection and evaluation rather than being valued intrinsically. Students are focused on memorizing procedures rather than understanding concepts. The selection tradition in China dating back to imperial exams has alienated learning from its original purpose. Real changes may require redesigning the entire system rather than just adding new classes or programs.
The Teaching Of Mathematics At Senior High School In FranceXu jiakon
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The document summarizes the structure of secondary education in France and reforms to mathematics education at the senior high school level. It discusses the challenges facing senior high school mathematics education that motivated reforms in 2000, including the massification of education and adapting to changes in mathematics and social needs. The reforms aimed to increase the role of statistics, probability, technology, and links to other disciplines. They faced difficulties in implementation due to time constraints and gaps in teachers' training. Current projects consider more flexible curricula and connections between mathematics and computer science.
An Experimental Study On Students Higher Level Mathematics CognitionXu jiakon
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This document summarizes an ongoing 3-year research project that aims to improve Chinese students' performance in higher-level mathematics cognition. Previous studies showed that while Chinese students performed better in lower levels like calculation and concepts, their performance did not improve in the highest level of analysis over 17 years. The research project uses quasi-experimental design and mathematics tasks requiring higher cognition to test improvements in students from grades 6 to 9. The goal is to find effective teaching methods to develop students' skills in the topmost level of mathematical thinking.
This document summarizes and compares different types of math education assessments used in China, including school-based assessments, entrance examinations, and competitions. It discusses the purposes and formats of exams at different levels from junior high school to university entrance. It also describes the processes of setting exam papers and marking assessments. While exams are useful, over-reliance on them can have drawbacks for long-term student development.
The document discusses mathematics education culture in China and elite mathematics education. It outlines different views on mathematics and mathematics education between Eastern and Western cultures. In the East, mathematics education focuses more on practical applications and rote learning, while the West emphasizes relationships, rational thought, and a dialogue with the universe. The document argues for an elite mathematics education system in China that provides high-quality learning opportunities for all students and cultivates an appreciation for mathematics.
This document contains 73 presentations listed by title and page number. The presentations cover a wide range of mathematical topics including liquid crystals, infrastructure planning, nonholonomic dynamics, network theory, internet information retrieval, algebraic surfaces, edge-transitive graphs, splines, the index theorem, elliptic curves, projective complexes, Kac modules, Lie superalgebras, semilattices, Lie algebras, K2, the Schur lemma, Hopf algebras, Legendrian links, balanced metrics, affine hypersurfaces, cubic forms, Heegaard splittings, variational problems in geometry, equivariant manifolds, Hamilton-Jacobi theory, noncommutative index theory, local Gromov-Wit