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? Bourdieu (1984), Social capital
consists of two dimensions:
? 1) social networks and
connections/relationships and
? 2) sociability. In the pursuit of
their interests.

Society as a plurality of social fields.
? Forms of capital (economic, cultural and social) are
the core factors defining positions and possibilities
of the various actors in any field.
? Each social field has a profile of its own, depending
on the proportionate importance within it of each
of the forms of capital.
? The forms of capital controlled by the various
agents are trumps that define the chances of
winning the stakes in the game.

Acts of Resistance. Against the New
Myths of Our Time. (Bourdieu, 1998)
?Three dimensions of capital each with its own
relationship to class: economic, cultural and
social capital.
?These three resources become socially
effective, and their ownership is legitimized
through the mediation of symbolic capital.

The emphasis on conflicts and the
power function
? Concept of social capital is based on social
relations that increase the ability of an actor to
advance her/his interests.
? Social positions and the division of economic,
cultural and social resources in general are
legitimized with the help of symbolic capital.
? Social capital becomes a resource in the social
struggles that are carried out in different social
arenas or fields.

Problem of Trust
? problem of trust (which Bourdieu
does not discuss much explicitly) can
now be dealt with as a part of the
symbolic struggle (or the absence of
struggles) in society.
? Trust as a potential component of
symbolic capital can be exploited in
the practice of symbolic power and
symbolic exchange.

???????????????????????????
? James S. Coleman (1988)?Social
Capital in the Creation of
Human Capital?, American
Journal of Sociology,
recognized two distinct
components of social capital:
? 1) social capital as a relational
construct
? 2) social capital as providing
resources to others through
relationships with individuals.

Social Capital as Resource
? Social capital is
specifically defined by its
function and refers to ��an
asset that a person or
persons can use as a
resource.
? Social capital is any kind
of social relationship that
is a resource to the
person�� .

??????????????????????
? American communitarianism.
? Putnam?s ideas are -to a large extent �C a
continuation of a current within the
American theory of pluralism.
? They are also reminiscent of functionalist
conceptions of social integration from the
1950s and early 1960s.

??????????????????????
? Putnam does not deal with politics- no conflicts
between civil society and the political society (and
the state). His theory can be seen as a kind of wish to
escape politics in the deTocquevillean tradition.
? Continuing the tradition of American "pacific
functionalism" of the 1960s; focusing on the
integrative functions of voluntary associations.

?????????: ??????????????????????
? Putnam (1993) refers to social capital
as a ��collective asset�� and a ��common
good�� of neighborhoods and
communities.
? His central thesis is that if a region has
a well-functioning economic system
and a high level of political integration,
these are the result of the region?s
successful accumulation of social
capital.

?????????????????????????????????
? Putnam (2000) differentiates
between physical capital
(physical objects), human
capital (individual properties),
and social capital.
? In his theory, social capital
refers to social networks and
interpersonal relationships.

Three Components of Social
Capital
?1. Moral Obligations and Norms,
?2. SocialValues (especially trust)
?3. Social Networks(especially
voluntary associations).

Virtue of Trust
? The notions of trust and reciprocity arise from our
social network relationships and thus generate ��civic
virtue�� (Putnam 2000) or a trusting community where
residents not only know each other but are actively
involved in each other?s lives and maintain trustful and
helpful relations.
? In order to achieve a strong community with high social
capital, the notions of trust and reciprocity as well as
the consequential obligations must be mutual among
residents

Democracy and Social Capital:
What��s the Connection?
Robert D. Putnam
Harvard University
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok,Thailand
March 14, 2011

What is ��social capital�� and why is it important?
?Social networks and norms of reciprocity
?Core insight: Social networks have value for individuals
and for communities.
?Networks are important because they:
?Transmit information
?Help overcome dilemmas of collective action
?Encourage reciprocity and trust
?Influence identities and thus encourage altruism
?Different types of social capital (like human capital)
?Social capital can be used for ��bad�� purposes, just like
human capital, but usually is used for good purposes

Social capital is associated with:
? Better educational outcomes
? Improved child welfare
? Low crime
? More honest government and community life
? Better physical and mental health
? Improved economic performance
? Greater life satisfaction

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? Urban society is not just in the ��city,�� it
is in and of all of society.The urban is a
��totality,�� a ��global�� phenomenon,
shaping and influencing all of society
(1970).
? Urban phenomenon supplants
industrialization as the force of
historical change and motor of capital
accumulation.
? The process of urbanization creates the
conditions for capitalism rather than
urbanization being the excrescence of
the circulation of capital.

Urban as an in-between space
? The urban revolution is not about the city but of
urban society. Urban society is not an empirical
��fact,�� but a possible object, a movement of
thought toward a certain concrete.
? The urban level is the built and unbuilt domains
of avenues, squares, schools and local public
buildings, a mixed level between the global and
private. It consists of the spaces of unity, the
terrain for defense, attack or struggle (public
spaces).

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???????????????????
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???????????????????????? ?
? 1977

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? 1996 ???????????????????
????????????????????????
?????????
? 1997 ??????????????? ?????
????????????????????????????
? three types of identity:
legitimizing identity, resistance
identity, project identity
? collective social actors no
longer built on civil society
but instead on communal
resistance

???????????????????????????????
? 1991 ? Space is a social product, or a complex
social construction (based on values, and
the social production of meanings) which
affects spatial practices and perceptions
? This social production of urban space is
fundamental to the reproduction of
society, hence of capitalism itself.
? The space thus produced also serves as a
tool of thought and of action in addition
to being a means of production it is also a
means of control, and hence of
domination, of power.
? The social production of space is
commanded by a hegemonic class as a
tool to reproduce its dominance.

Third space in terms of Spatial Justice
? Third space as an-Other way of understanding and
acting to change the spatiality of human life,
? A distinct mode of critical spatial awareness that is
appropriate to the new scope and significance
being brought about in the rebalanced trialectices
of spatiality�Chistoricality�Csociality.��
? Questions about spatial or socio-spatial
distributions and working to achieve an equal
geographical distribution of society's wants and
needs, such as job opportunities, access to health
care, good air quality.
? Issues of representations of space, of territorial or
other identities and of social practices.

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