The Pulmonary system - Artificial organ 2.pptx
- 2. The pulmonary system, also known as the respiratory system, is the network of organs and tissues that allow us to breathe. It is responsible for bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide, a waste product. This process is essential for maintaining life. Components Lungs: Two spongy organs located in the chest that contain millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli. Airways: A network of tubes that carry air to and from the lungs. These include the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Respiratory muscles: Muscles that help us breathe, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Blood vessels: Carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body and carbon dioxide-rich blood from the rest of the body to the lungs. The pulmonary system
- 3. Inspiration: When we inhale, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, expanding the chest cavity. This creates a low-pressure area in the lungs, drawing air into the airways and alveoli. Gas Exchange: In the alveoli, oxygen from the air crosses the thin membrane into the blood, while carbon dioxide from the blood moves across the membrane into the air. Expiration: When we exhale, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to shrink. This forces air out of the lungs and airways. Regulation of blood pH: The lungs play a role in maintaining the acid-base balance of the blood by removing carbon dioxide, an acidic gas. Production of immune cells: The lungs produce immune cells that help to protect the body from infection. Regulation of body temperature: The lungs help to regulate body temperature by releasing heat through the exhalation of air. Function:
- 4. Oxygen delivery: The lungs are responsible for absorbing oxygen from the air and delivering it to the bloodstream. Oxygen is essential for all bodily functions, including energy production, cell growth, and tissue repair. Without adequate oxygen, the body's organs would begin to shut down. Carbon dioxide removal: The lungs also remove carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, from the blood and expel it into the air. Carbon dioxide build-up can lead to acidosis, which can be fatal. Regulation of blood pH: The lungs play a vital role in regulating the body's acid-base balance by removing carbon dioxide, an acidic gas. This helps maintain the optimal pH range for important biological processes. Immune function: The lungs produce and release immune cells that help defend the body against infections. These cells help to clear bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens from the respiratory tract. Regulation of body temperature: The lungs help to regulate body temperature by releasing heat through the exhalation of air. This helps to prevent the body from overheating during exercise or hot weather. Importance of the Pulmonary System:
- 5. Lung Diseases 1. Asthma: Chronic inflammatory condition: The airways become inflamed and hyperresponsive, leading to episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Triggers: Allergens, dust mites, air pollution, exercise, respiratory infections. Treatment: Bronchodilators (to open airways), corticosteroids (to reduce inflammation), allergy management, and avoiding triggers. 2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Progressive lung disease: Causes airflow limitation due to damaged airways and alveoli. Symptoms: Shortness of breath, chronic cough with phlegm, wheezing, fatigue. Causes: Long-term exposure to cigarette smoke is the leading cause, also air pollution, occupational hazards, and genetics. Treatment: Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and smoking cessation.
- 6. 3. Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD): Group of lung diseases: Cause scarring and thickening of the lung tissue, impairing gas exchange. Symptoms: Shortness of breath, dry cough, fatigue, weight loss, chest pain. Causes: Diverse, including autoimmune diseases, exposure to toxins, and idiopathic (unknown) causes. Treatment: Varies depending on the specific ILD, may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, antifibrotic drugs, lung transplantation in severe cases. 4. Lung Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth in the lungs: Can spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms: Cough (often with blood), shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss. Causes: Smoking is the leading cause, also exposure to radon gas, air pollution, and family history. Treatment: Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy. Lung Diseases
- 7. Decreased oxygen delivery: Lung diseases can damage the lungs and airways, making it difficult for them to absorb oxygen effectively. This can lead to hypoxia, a condition where the body's cells are deprived of oxygen, resulting in fatigue, shortness of breath, and impaired cognitive function. Carbon dioxide retention: In severe lung disease, the ability to remove carbon dioxide from the blood can be compromised, leading to hypercapnia, a condition characterized by increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood. This can cause drowsiness, confusion, and coma. Increased risk of infection: Damaged lungs are more susceptible to infections, as they are less able to clear bacteria and viruses. This can lead to pneumonia and other respiratory illnesses. Pulmonary hypertension: Some lung diseases can cause pulmonary hypertension, a condition where the blood pressure in the arteries leading to the lungs is abnormally high. This can put a strain on the heart and lead to heart failure. Reduced quality of life: Lung diseases can significantly impact a person's quality of life, limiting their ability to Consequences of Lung Disease:
- 8. Anatomy of the Lungs What are your lungs? Your lungs make up a large part of your respiratory system, which is the network of organs and tissues that allow you to breathe. You have two lungs, one on each side of your chest, which is also called the thorax. Your thorax is the area of your body between your neck and your abdomen.
- 9. Where are your lungs located? Your lungs are located in your chest (your thorax). Your thoracic cavity is the name of the space that contains your lungs and other organs. Your lungs rest on a muscle called your diaphragm. What do lungs look like? Healthy lungs are pinkish-gray in color. Youve probably seen photographs that compare the lungs of people who smoke to the lungs of people who dont. Damaged lungs are darker gray and can have black spots in them. Your triangularly shaped right and left lungs look a little bit like the ears of an elephant. A typical lung in a human adult lung weighs about 2.2 pounds and is a little longer than 9 inches when youre breathing normally, and about 10.5 inches when your lungs are completely expanded.
- 10. Lung transplantation is a complex surgical procedure that offers a life-saving option for patients with end- stage lung disease. This procedure involves replacing diseased or damaged lungs with healthy ones from a deceased donor. Lung Transplantation: A Breath of New Life Procedure: There are two main types of lung transplantation: Single lung transplant: This involves replacing one diseased lung with a healthy donor lung. Double lung transplant: This involves replacing both diseased lungs with two healthy donor lungs.
- 11. 1. General anesthesia: The patient is placed under general anesthesia to ensure they are unconscious and pain-free during the surgery. 2. Incision: A large incision is made in the chest to access the lungs. 3. Removal of diseased lung(s): The diseased lung(s) are carefully removed. 4. Implantation of donor lung(s): The donor lung(s) are carefully positioned and connected to the patient's airways and blood vessels. 5. Closure: The chest is closed, and the patient is transferred to the intensive care unit for recovery. The surgical procedure typically involves:
- 12. Risks and Benefits: Lung transplantation offers significant benefits for patients with end-stage lung disease, including: Improved quality of life Increased lifespan Reduced symptoms Increased ability to perform daily activities However, lung transplantation also carries significant risks, including: Infection Bleeding Rejection of the donor lung(s) Complications from immunosuppressive medications
- 13. Lung transplantation success rates have improved significantly in recent years. According to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), the 1-year survival rate for lung transplant recipients is approximately 85%, and the 5-year survival rate is approximately 65%. These rates vary depending on various factors, including the patient's age, overall health, and type of transplant performed. Success Rates:
- 14. Artificial Lungs: A Life-Saving Technology When the lungs are severely damaged and unable to adequately perform their vital function of gas exchange, artificial lungs can provide life-saving support. These devices take over the work of the lungs, allowing the body to receive the oxygen it needs while removing harmful carbon dioxide. There are two main types of artificial lungs: 1. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO): ECMO is a complex system that removes blood from the body, removes carbon dioxide and adds oxygen, and then returns the blood to the body. It is primarily used for critically ill patients who have suffered severe heart or lung failure and require temporary support while awaiting recovery or organ transplantation. ECMO can be used for both adults and children. Types of Artificial Lungs:
- 15. Oxygenator: The oxygenator is a crucial part that performs roles like a gas exchange, taking in oxygen from an external source, and expulsion of carbon dioxide from the patient's blood. It comprises a series of hollow fibers or membranes through which gas and blood flow in counter-current directions, which allows for the efficient transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the membrane. What Are The Parts Of The Artificial Lungs? Pump: Artificial lungs consist of a pump to circulate the patient's blood through the system. The pump is responsible for maintaining adequate blood flow and pressure, ensuring oxygenated blood is delivered to the patient's body. Several categories of pumps can be used, like centrifugal pumps or roller pumps.
- 16. Cannulas: These are tubes that enhance the connection between the patient's blood vessels and the artificial lung system. Cannulas are mostly inserted into major blood vessels, like the jugular vein or femoral artery and vein, to facilitate the flow of blood to and from the system. Filters: Filters are incorporated into the artificial lung system to expel any potential clots or debris from the blood. These filters are helpful to ensure the system remains free of blockages and prevent any adverse effects on the patient.
- 17. Heat Exchange: To sustain the temperature of the blood, artificial lungs often incorporate a heat exchanger. These components are helpful to warm or cool the blood as necessary, ensuring it remains within the desired temperature range. Tubing and Connectors: Various tubing and connectors are utilized to establish the necessary connections between the different components of the artificial lung system, including the oxygenator, pump, cannulas, and filters.
- 18. There are two main types of artificial lungs: 1. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO): ECMO is a complex system that removes blood from the body, removes carbon dioxide and adds oxygen, and then returns the blood to the body. It is primarily used for critically ill patients who have suffered severe heart or lung failure and require temporary support while awaiting recovery or organ transplantation. ECMO can be used for both adults and children.
- 19. What does ECMO stand for? ECMO stands for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Extracorporeal means outside the body. The rest of the name refers to getting oxygen to your bodys cells. How does ECMO work? During ECMO treatment, blood flows out of your body through a tube in a large blood vessel in your chest, near your groin or in your neck. A pump pushes your blood through tubes that carry it to a machine that adds oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Then the machine pumps your blood back into your body. ECMO treatment helps people who need support for their lungs, but it can also bypass both your heart and lungs.
- 20. Mechanical ventilation is a form of life support that helps you breathe (ventilate) when you cant breathe on your own. This can be during surgery or when youre very sick. While mechanical ventilation doesnt directly treat illnesses, it can stabilize you while other treatments and medications help your body recover. Ventilators are machines that help patients breathe by mechanically pushing air into and out of their lungs. They are commonly used for patients who are unable to breathe on their own due to various conditions, including paralysis, neuromuscular diseases, and respiratory failure. Ventilators come in various types, including invasive (requiring a tube inserted into the airway) and non-invasive (using a mask to deliver air). 2. Artificial Ventilators:
- 21. Modern mechanical ventilators use positive pressure to push air into your lungs. Positive pressure ventilation can be invasive or noninvasive. Invasive mechanical ventilation: This means you have a tube in your airway connected to a ventilator. This tube can go through your mouth (intubation) or neck (tracheostomy). Noninvasive ventilation: This uses a face mask connected to a ventilator. Straps hold the mask to your head to hold it tight. The ventilator pushes air into your lungs. Forms of noninvasive ventilation include devices you might use at home, like CPAP or BiLevel positive airway pressure (often known under the trade name BiPAP速). What are the types of mechanical ventilation?
- 22. The length of time you need mechanical ventilation depends on the reason. It could be hours, days, weeks, or rarely months or years. Ideally, youll only stay on a ventilator for as little time as possible. Your providers will test your ability to breathe unassisted daily or more often. In general, if you need to be on a ventilator for a long time (2 weeks or so), a provider will switch you from an endotracheal tube to a tube in your neck (tracheostomy). How long can you be kept on a ventilator?
- 23. To start invasive mechanical ventilation, a provider will: 1. Give you medication to relax you (sedation) and to prevent you from moving (paralytic). Youll most likely remain sedated, but the paralytic will wear off after youre on the ventilator. 2. Place an endotracheal (ET) tube down your throat and trachea (airway leading to your lungs). 3. Attach the tube to a ventilator. The ventilator will help you breathe until your medical team feels its safe for you to breathe on your own again. These are the general steps for starting mechanical ventilation. Depending on your specific situation, especially whether or not its an emergency, some of these steps may be a little bit different. How is someone placed on invasive mechanical ventilation?
- 24. Uses: ECMO and ventilators are crucial in treating various conditions, including: Severe pneumonia Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations Cardiopulmonary bypass during surgery Drug overdose Trauma Limitations: Artificial lungs are complex and expensive to operate. They require specialized medical personnel to manage and monitor. They can lead to complications, including infections, bleeding, and blood clots. They are not a cure for lung disease and are intended for temporary support while the underlying issue is addressed. Uses and Limitations:
- 25. Researchers are constantly working to improve artificial lung technology. Some promising areas of development include: Miniaturization: Making artificial lungs smaller and more portable. Improved biocompatibility: Reducing the risk of complications such as infections and blood clots. Lung assist devices: Developing implantable devices that can support the lungs in patients with chronic lung disease. Future Developments:
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