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The document discusses the Rutherford gold foil experiment, which involved firing alpha particles at an extremely thin sheet of gold foil. The experiment showed that most alpha particles passed through the gold foil undeflected, but some were deflected at sharp angles or rebounded back towards the source, inconsistent with the plum pudding model of the atom. This led Rutherford to propose that the mass of an atom is concentrated in a very small, dense nucleus at the center.Read less