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- 2. Aquatic Ecosystems (Water-based) and Terrestrial Ecosystems (Land-based)
- 3. The natural aquatic ecosystems are:
- 4. Natural Ponds and Lakes • Ponds and lakes of fresh water. Example: The Great Lakes in east-central North America.
- 5. The natural aquatic ecosyste ms are: Natural Ponds and Lakes: Ponds and lakes of fresh water. Example: The Great Lakes in east-central North America. Natural Rivers and Streams: Rivers and streams containing fresh water. Example: The Nile River in Africa, one of the longest rivers in the world. Natural Seas and Oceans: It is divided into five ocean basins: the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern oceans.
- 6. The natural aquatic ecosystems are: Natural Wetlands: Wetlands are shallow bodies of water such as bogs, marshes, swamps and mudflats. Water flow is steady in freshwater wetlands. They provide habitat for many plants and animals. Example: the BolsaChica Ecological Reserve in Orange County, California. Coral Reefs: Coral reefs exist in shallow parts of some tropical oceans. These reefs are made of calcified remains from coral animals, build up over time and provide habitat for many underwater species. Example: The Great Barrier Reef of Australia.
- 7. Terrestrial Ecosyste ms (Land- based) Forest –This ecosystem consists of dense trees and an abundance of plant species. Desert – This ecosystem is marked by extremely low rainfall, not necessarily a hot climate. Grassland – This ecosystem includes an almost continuous cover of grasses but not many taller plants. Mountain – This ecosystem features steep elevation changes in the terrain.
- 9. 1. Tropical Rainforest Ecosystems • The tropical rainforest are found near the equator, between the tropics. These are the regions that experience very high annual rainfall and are characterized by high average temperatures. The areas also have high humidity that is lower in the dry season compared to the wet seasons.
- 11. 3. Temperate Forest Ecosystem • The temperate forest ecosystems primarily include the temperate coniferous forests, which are evergreen and the temperate deciduous forests – the trees that lose their leaves each year. These natural ecosystems are mainly found between the tropics and in the Polar Regions. Their trees are wide leafed, large and tall. The major trees in these forests are maple, oak, redwood, ash, birch, pine and beech. The areas have less undergrowth. The temperate rainforest experience moderate rainfall and dense humidity with mild winters.
- 13. 5. Shrubland Ecosystem • Shrubland ecosystems are as well-known as scrubland since they are dominated by low shrubs. The ecosystem occurs as a result of a transitional plant community between regions or may also occur after a disturbance of a forest because of natural or wildfires. Other interacting factors leading to the formation of shrublands include nutrient-poor soils, aridity or drought.
- 14. 6. Lentic Ecosystems • These are the still water ecosystems. Lakes and the seas are good examples, but they can range from ponds to lagoons to vast oceans. These ecosystems have three regions. They include the open water zone, deep bottom regions not exposed to light, and the bottom and shore regions, each with different conditions. Therefore, they host species specifically adapted to live in the regions, forming layers of different ecosystems.
- 16. 8. Grassland Ecosystem • Grassland ecosystem include the temperate grasslands and the tropical savannahs. The soil of the temperate grassland is deep and dark with fertile upper layers, which is good for supporting plant growth. Savannahs, on the other hand, are found in warm and hot climates where the annual rainfall is very low.
- 17. 9. Littoral Ecosystems • These ecosystems are common at the shores of lakes, rivers and seas. They are sometimes referred to as the intertidal zone, where the effects of tides are minimal. The availability of water in these ecosystems enables a greater variety of plant and animal life and the formation of extensive wetlands.
- 18. 10. Lotic & Lentic Ecosystem
- 19. Lentic Features • A lentic ecosystem entails a body of standing water, ranging from ditches, seeps, ponds, seasonal pools, basin marshes and lakes. Deeper waters, such as lakes, may have layers of ecosystems, influenced by light. Ponds, due to their having more light penetration, are able to support a diverse range of water plants.
- 20. Lotic Features • A lotic ecosystem can be any kind of moving water, such as a run, creek, brook, river, spring, channel or stream. The water in a lotic ecosystem, from source to mouth, must have atmospheric gases, turbidity, longitudinal temperature gradation and material dissolved in it.