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1. The document discusses ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) and identifies several key international policies and frameworks that provide guidance on EbA, including the UNFCCC, Paris Agreement, and CBD. It also outlines stakeholder engagement and understanding local policy contexts as important for planning and implementing successful EbA projects.

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Be able to identify who should be involved in implementing an EbA project and their roles Build an understanding of the policy context relevant to the proposed project Understand how EbA can be implemented in response to different climate hazards across different ecosystems and sectors Stakeholder analysis: A participatory process that builds an understanding of who is involved in a project, what their roles are and how to engage them (WWF, 2005). This process is also known as stakeholder mapping. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992): An international treaty focused on climate change mitigation and adaptation (UNFCCC, 1992). Cancun Adaptation Framework (2010): The agreement from the 16th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties that enhances action on adaptation, including through international cooperation and coherent consideration of matters relating to adaptation. It established the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) approach, which enables Parties to develop and implement NAPs to identify adaptation needs and formulate and implement actions to increase their climate resilience (UNFCCC, 2010). Paris Agreement (2015): A legally binding agreement established at the 21st UNFCCC Conference of the Parties to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5属C, compared to pre-industrial levels. It requires parties to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), making commitments to mitigate climate change. Although not compulsory, many countries are also choosing to include adaptation actions in their NDCs (UNFCCC, 2015). Glasgow Climate Pact (2021): As an outcome of the 26th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, this pact established the Sharm el-Sheikh work programme to help enhance understanding of the Global Goal on Adaptation and track progress towards it (UNFCCC, 2021). Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992): The overarching international agreement for biodiversity conservation (CBD, 1992). 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: Provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries (UN, 2015).
1. It is important to identify and understand the roles of actors in relation to an EbA project and how EbA actions relate to cross-cutting topics, such as gender and governance. Participatory stakeholder analysis is essential for establishing a successful project because it is an inclusive and transparent process that helps build actors ownership and commitment. 2. Understanding the policy context will help determine plans, targets and budgets that can support EbA actions. Policies across the global, national and local levels provide a framework in which EbA can be planned and implemented. The main international policies relevant to EbA are the UNFCCC and its Cancun Adaptation Framework, the Paris Agreement, the Glasgow Climate Pact, the CBD and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 3. The impacts of different climate-related hazards can be reduced by protecting, managing and restoring ecosystems, particularly those that provide critical adaptation services. For example, the conservation and restoration of coral reefs, mangroves, salt marshes, sand dunes and beaches can be used to reduce the impacts of coastal hazards, such as tropical storms, wave impacts and storm surges. 4. EbA actions can be integrated into different sectors, such as the water, agriculture, and urban sectors, through watershed and river basin management, climate-smart agriculture and green- gray infrastructure, respectively. 5. Integrating EbA in different ecosystems and sectors not only generates adaptation benefits but also a range of co-benefits, such as enhancing biodiversity, carbon sequestration and improving human well-being. It also enhances political support and financial capacity for EbA. 6. Funding can be obtained from different sources and received at different stages of a project. From multilateral and bilateral sources of funding to financing from the private sector, there are different options for projects to explore. In addition, there are novel sources of funding, such as blended finance, microfinance and crowdfunding, that are being used for EbA. Voluntary guidelines for the design and effective implementation of ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction and supplementary information (by the CBD, 2019). This document consists of three sections. The first section highlights the advantages of EbA and discusses how it can be integrated into plans and policies focused on climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction. The second section provides guidelines to practitioners on how to effectively design and implement EbA at the programme and project levels. And the third section covers outreach to different sectors. EbA in different ecosystems placing measures in context (by UNEP-WCMC and UNEP, 2019). This briefing note which provides an overview of EbA actions commonly implemented in various ecosystems (mountains, drylands, wetlands, coasts, and urban areas). Ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sector A nature-based solution (NbS) for building the resilience of the food and agriculture sector to climate change (by Manar Abdelmagied and Molefi Mpheshea for FAO, 2020). This report highlights the potential of EbA measures to build resilience to climate change in the food and agriculture sectors. It discusses the importance of different cultivated ecosystems, how they are being affected by climate change, how EbA can help in climate change adaptation and considerations for scaling up EbA. Integrating EbA and IWRM for climate-resilient water management (by Esther D旦rendahl and Dipankar Aich for GIZ, 2021). An exploration of how the two leading approaches in water
resources management and ecosystem thinking for climate change adaptation (IWRM and EbA) can be merged to achieve greater climate resilience in watersheds. Naturebased Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas Linkages between Science, Policy and Practice (edited by Nadja Kabisch et al., 2017). This book contains a compilation of articles on urban nature-based solutions (NbS) for climate change adaptation. It covers the concept of urban NbS, highlights the benefits it can provide, discusses policy, planning and governance for urban NbS, and provides evidence of NbS helping cities adapt to climate change. Finance options and instruments for Ecosystem-based Adaptation: Overview and compilation of ten examples (by Kiran Hunzai et al., for GIZ, 2018). This document provides an overview of available financing sources and instruments for EbA. It also discusses the importance of financial support for EbA and presents ten examples of EbA financing options across the globe. Beck, M. W., Losada, I. J., Men辿ndez, P., Reguero, B. G., D鱈az-Simal, P., & Fern叩ndez, F. (2018). The global flood protection savings provided by coral reefs. Nature Communications, 9(2186). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04568-z Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). (1992). Text of the Convention. United Nations. https://www.cbd.int/convention/text/ Elmqvist, T., Set辰l辰, H., Handel, S. N., van der Ploeg, S., Aronson, J., Blignaut, J. N., G坦mez-Baggethun, E., Nowak, D. J., Kronenberg, J., & de Groot, R. (2015). Benefits of restoring ecosystem services in urban areas. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 14, 101108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.05.001 Fr旦licher, T. L. & Laufk旦tter, C. (2018). Emerging risks from marine heat waves. Nature Communications, 9(650). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03163-6 Kapos, V., Wicander, S., Salvaterra, T., Dawkins, K., & Hicks, C. (2019). The Role of the Natural Environment in Adaptation: Background Paper for the Global Commission on Adaptation. Global Commission on Adaptation: Rotterdam, Netherlands and Washington, D.C. 82 pp. https://gca.org/wp- content/uploads/2020/12/RoleofNaturalEnvironmentinAdaptation_V2.pdf Losada, I. J., Men辿ndez, P., Espejo, A., Torres, S., D鱈az-Simal, P., Abad, S., Beck, M.W., Narayan, S., Trespalacios, D., Pfiegner, K., Mucke, P. & Kirch, L. (2018). The global value of mangroves for risk reduction. The Nature Conservancy: Berlin, Germany. 44 pp. https://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationPractices/Marine/crr/library/Documents/Global MangrovesRiskReductionTechnicalReport10.7291/V9DV1H2S.pdf Price, M. F. & Egan, P. A. (2014). Our global water towers: ensuring ecosystem services from mountains under climate change. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), SC.2014/WS/19. 8 pp. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000230850 United Nations (UN). (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. United Nations General Assembly: New York, USA. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/con veng.pdf United Nations (UN). (2015). Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2010). The Cancun agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention. FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1. https://unfccc.int/documents/6527 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2015). Paris Agreement. United Nations. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2021). Glasgow Climate Pact. Decision 1/CMA.3. FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/10/Add.1. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2021_10_add1_adv.pdf World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). (2005). Cross-Cutting Tool Stakeholder Analysis. https://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/1_1_stakeholder_analysis_11_01_05.pdf
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Unit_6_Handout.pdf

  • 1. Be able to identify who should be involved in implementing an EbA project and their roles Build an understanding of the policy context relevant to the proposed project Understand how EbA can be implemented in response to different climate hazards across different ecosystems and sectors Stakeholder analysis: A participatory process that builds an understanding of who is involved in a project, what their roles are and how to engage them (WWF, 2005). This process is also known as stakeholder mapping. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992): An international treaty focused on climate change mitigation and adaptation (UNFCCC, 1992). Cancun Adaptation Framework (2010): The agreement from the 16th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties that enhances action on adaptation, including through international cooperation and coherent consideration of matters relating to adaptation. It established the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) approach, which enables Parties to develop and implement NAPs to identify adaptation needs and formulate and implement actions to increase their climate resilience (UNFCCC, 2010). Paris Agreement (2015): A legally binding agreement established at the 21st UNFCCC Conference of the Parties to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5属C, compared to pre-industrial levels. It requires parties to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), making commitments to mitigate climate change. Although not compulsory, many countries are also choosing to include adaptation actions in their NDCs (UNFCCC, 2015). Glasgow Climate Pact (2021): As an outcome of the 26th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, this pact established the Sharm el-Sheikh work programme to help enhance understanding of the Global Goal on Adaptation and track progress towards it (UNFCCC, 2021). Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992): The overarching international agreement for biodiversity conservation (CBD, 1992). 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: Provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries (UN, 2015).
  • 2. 1. It is important to identify and understand the roles of actors in relation to an EbA project and how EbA actions relate to cross-cutting topics, such as gender and governance. Participatory stakeholder analysis is essential for establishing a successful project because it is an inclusive and transparent process that helps build actors ownership and commitment. 2. Understanding the policy context will help determine plans, targets and budgets that can support EbA actions. Policies across the global, national and local levels provide a framework in which EbA can be planned and implemented. The main international policies relevant to EbA are the UNFCCC and its Cancun Adaptation Framework, the Paris Agreement, the Glasgow Climate Pact, the CBD and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 3. The impacts of different climate-related hazards can be reduced by protecting, managing and restoring ecosystems, particularly those that provide critical adaptation services. For example, the conservation and restoration of coral reefs, mangroves, salt marshes, sand dunes and beaches can be used to reduce the impacts of coastal hazards, such as tropical storms, wave impacts and storm surges. 4. EbA actions can be integrated into different sectors, such as the water, agriculture, and urban sectors, through watershed and river basin management, climate-smart agriculture and green- gray infrastructure, respectively. 5. Integrating EbA in different ecosystems and sectors not only generates adaptation benefits but also a range of co-benefits, such as enhancing biodiversity, carbon sequestration and improving human well-being. It also enhances political support and financial capacity for EbA. 6. Funding can be obtained from different sources and received at different stages of a project. From multilateral and bilateral sources of funding to financing from the private sector, there are different options for projects to explore. In addition, there are novel sources of funding, such as blended finance, microfinance and crowdfunding, that are being used for EbA. Voluntary guidelines for the design and effective implementation of ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction and supplementary information (by the CBD, 2019). This document consists of three sections. The first section highlights the advantages of EbA and discusses how it can be integrated into plans and policies focused on climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction. The second section provides guidelines to practitioners on how to effectively design and implement EbA at the programme and project levels. And the third section covers outreach to different sectors. EbA in different ecosystems placing measures in context (by UNEP-WCMC and UNEP, 2019). This briefing note which provides an overview of EbA actions commonly implemented in various ecosystems (mountains, drylands, wetlands, coasts, and urban areas). Ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sector A nature-based solution (NbS) for building the resilience of the food and agriculture sector to climate change (by Manar Abdelmagied and Molefi Mpheshea for FAO, 2020). This report highlights the potential of EbA measures to build resilience to climate change in the food and agriculture sectors. It discusses the importance of different cultivated ecosystems, how they are being affected by climate change, how EbA can help in climate change adaptation and considerations for scaling up EbA. Integrating EbA and IWRM for climate-resilient water management (by Esther D旦rendahl and Dipankar Aich for GIZ, 2021). An exploration of how the two leading approaches in water
  • 3. resources management and ecosystem thinking for climate change adaptation (IWRM and EbA) can be merged to achieve greater climate resilience in watersheds. Naturebased Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas Linkages between Science, Policy and Practice (edited by Nadja Kabisch et al., 2017). This book contains a compilation of articles on urban nature-based solutions (NbS) for climate change adaptation. It covers the concept of urban NbS, highlights the benefits it can provide, discusses policy, planning and governance for urban NbS, and provides evidence of NbS helping cities adapt to climate change. Finance options and instruments for Ecosystem-based Adaptation: Overview and compilation of ten examples (by Kiran Hunzai et al., for GIZ, 2018). This document provides an overview of available financing sources and instruments for EbA. It also discusses the importance of financial support for EbA and presents ten examples of EbA financing options across the globe. Beck, M. W., Losada, I. J., Men辿ndez, P., Reguero, B. G., D鱈az-Simal, P., & Fern叩ndez, F. (2018). The global flood protection savings provided by coral reefs. Nature Communications, 9(2186). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04568-z Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). (1992). Text of the Convention. United Nations. https://www.cbd.int/convention/text/ Elmqvist, T., Set辰l辰, H., Handel, S. N., van der Ploeg, S., Aronson, J., Blignaut, J. N., G坦mez-Baggethun, E., Nowak, D. J., Kronenberg, J., & de Groot, R. (2015). Benefits of restoring ecosystem services in urban areas. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 14, 101108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.05.001 Fr旦licher, T. L. & Laufk旦tter, C. (2018). Emerging risks from marine heat waves. Nature Communications, 9(650). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03163-6 Kapos, V., Wicander, S., Salvaterra, T., Dawkins, K., & Hicks, C. (2019). The Role of the Natural Environment in Adaptation: Background Paper for the Global Commission on Adaptation. Global Commission on Adaptation: Rotterdam, Netherlands and Washington, D.C. 82 pp. https://gca.org/wp- content/uploads/2020/12/RoleofNaturalEnvironmentinAdaptation_V2.pdf Losada, I. J., Men辿ndez, P., Espejo, A., Torres, S., D鱈az-Simal, P., Abad, S., Beck, M.W., Narayan, S., Trespalacios, D., Pfiegner, K., Mucke, P. & Kirch, L. (2018). The global value of mangroves for risk reduction. The Nature Conservancy: Berlin, Germany. 44 pp. https://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationPractices/Marine/crr/library/Documents/Global MangrovesRiskReductionTechnicalReport10.7291/V9DV1H2S.pdf Price, M. F. & Egan, P. A. (2014). Our global water towers: ensuring ecosystem services from mountains under climate change. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), SC.2014/WS/19. 8 pp. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000230850 United Nations (UN). (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. United Nations General Assembly: New York, USA. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/con veng.pdf United Nations (UN). (2015). Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2010). The Cancun agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention. FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1. https://unfccc.int/documents/6527 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2015). Paris Agreement. United Nations. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2021). Glasgow Climate Pact. Decision 1/CMA.3. FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/10/Add.1. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2021_10_add1_adv.pdf World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). (2005). Cross-Cutting Tool Stakeholder Analysis. https://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/1_1_stakeholder_analysis_11_01_05.pdf