What is fermentation
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1. INTRODUCTION
TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) or the Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins which oxidizes to CO2 and H2O.
TCA cycle is used by organisms that respire to generate energy, either by anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration.
Site : Mitochondrial matrix
2.Reactions
1. Condensation of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate to citric acid.
2a. Dehydration of citric acid to cis-aconitate.
2b. Hydration of cis-aconitate to isocitrate.
3. Oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate.
4. Oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA.
5. Substrate level phosphorylation of succinyl CoA to succinate.
6. Dehydrogenation of succinate to fumarate.
7. Hydration of fumarate to malate.
8. Dehydrogenation of malate to oxaloacetate.
3. Significance of TCA cycle
Complete oxidation of acetyl CoA.
ATP generation.
Final common oxidative pathway.
Integration of major metabolic pathways.
Fat is burned on the wick of carbohydrates.
Excess carbohydrates are converted as neutral fat
No net synthesis of carbohydrates from fat.
Carbon skeleton of amino acids finally enter the TCA cycle.
4. Energetics of TCA Cycle
Oxidation of 3 NADH by ETC coupled with oxidative phosphorylation results in the synthesis of 9 ATP.
FADH2 leads to the formation of 2ATP.
One substrate level phosphorylation.
Thus, a total of 12 ATP are produced from one acetyl CoA.
5. Regulation of TCA Cycle
Three regulatory enzymes
Citrate synthase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Citrate synthase is inhibited by ATP, NADH, acyl CoA & succinyl CoA.  Isocitrate dehydrogenase is activated by ADP & inhibited by ATP and NADH  α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is inhibited by succinyl CoA & NADH.  Availability of ADP is very important for TCA cycle to proceed.
6. Inhibitors of TCA Cycle
Aconitase is inhibited by fluoro-acetate. This is a non-competitive inhibition.
Alpha ketoglutarate is inhibited by Arsenite. This is also a non-competitive.
Succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by malonate. This is competitive inhibition.
7. Amphibolic nature of the TCA cycle
TCA cycle is both catabolic & anabolic in nature, called as amphibolic.
Since various compounds enter into or leave from TCA cycle, it is sometimes called as metabolic traffic circle.
8. References
Textbook of Biochemistry-U Satyanarayana
Textbook of Biochemistry- DM Vasudevan
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What is fermentation
- 1. WHAT IS FERMENTATION? Fermentation is a metabolic process that changes sugars into acids, gases and alcohol by means of yeast and bacteria. It is the absence of the electron transport chain and takes a reduced carbon source for instance glucose and makes products like lactic acid or acetate. There is no need for oxidative phosphorylation only substrate level phosphorylation which yields as much lower level of ATP. It is a form of anaerobic digestion that generates Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) by the process of substrate-level phosphorylation. Energy for producing ATP is derived from the oxidation of organic compounds such as carbohydrates. During respiration it is where electrons are donated to an exogenous electron acceptor such as oxygen through an electron transport chain. Fermentation is crucial in anaerobic conditions where there is no oxidative phosphorylation to maintain the production of ATP. The science behind fermentation is known as zymology. TYPES OF FERMENTATION Lactic acid fermentation- the conversion of pyruvate to lactase with no release of carbon dioxide Alcohol fermentation-conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol USES OF FERMENTATION BY HUMANS The process is mostly used to produce wine and beer. It is also used in preservation to create lactic acid in sour foods such as pickled cucumber and yogurt.