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Word formation process

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Mahbubul Hoque Ayan

The document discusses various word formation processes including compounding, blending, back formation, affixation, and meaning change. It provides examples for each process. Compounding involves combining two or more free morphemes to form a new word like blackbird. Blending joins parts of different words like smog from smoke and fog. Back formation removes what is mistakenly considered an affix like peddle from peddler. Affixation adds a bound morpheme through prefixation, suffixation, or infixation. Meaning change alters a word's semantic meaning through processes like generalization or metaphorical extension.

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WORD FORMATION PROCESS
Word-formation ?Creation of a new word ?The process of forming new words from words or word groups with the same root
3 main types of process Subtractive process Meaning change Additive process
Word formation process
Compounding Compounds consist of two more free morphemes or words consisting of free morphemes. Examples: blackbird, clock work, light bulb, notebook, bittersweet Compounding is the strongest process of word formation!
In English, when two words are of different grammatical categories, the class of the second or final word becomes the category of the compound Example: blackbird. Compounds formed with a preposition are in the category of the non-prepositional part of the compound. Examples: undertake, uphill
BLENDING Something ¡°less¡± than a compound.... smog = smoke + fog motel = motor + hotel Brunch = breakfast + lunch Parts of two or more different words join- usually 1st part of one and 2nd part of other.
Back formation A new word is created by removing what is mistakenly considered to be an affix edit from editor; peddle from peddler; enthuse from enthusiasm orientate from orientation
AFFIXATION ?A bound morpheme is added with another morpheme Prefixation Suffixation Infixation
# Prefixation - Example : independent, impossible # Suffixation - Example : kindness, kindly # Infixation - Example : absobloominglutely
Derivational Derivational affixes attaches to the base form of a word to create a new word 1. Verb to noun : preserve to preservation 2. Verb to verb : appear to disappear 3. Verb to adjective : bore to boring 4. Adjective to noun : ugly to ugliness
Root creation ? The creation of a new ROOT, BASE, or simple WORD ? Rare compared with compounding and derivation ? ECHOISM, NEOLOGISM, ONOMATOPOEIA are some types of root creation
Subtractive process Subtractive process Acronym abbreviation orthographic clipping
? Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. ? Initialism is pronounced as a word ? e.g. CD (compact disk) VCR (video cassette recorder) RADAR (radio detection and ranging) HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) ATM (automated teller machine)
Clipping ? Clipping occurs when a word with more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form. ? E.g. gasoline(gas) advertisement(ad) laboratory(lab) telephone(phone) examination(exam)
Clipping Fore clipping Middle clipping Complex clipping Back clipping
Abbreviations ? A word or phrase is shortened ? largely a convention of written language, sometimes abbreviations carry over into spoken language ? Example : Apr. ¨C April, cm ¨C centimeter(s), dept. ¨C department, Dr. ¨C doctor
MEANING CHANGE Meaning change Generification Metaphorical extension Category change
Reconstruction and addition of new words. Words created from scratch or derived from names of individuals, places, or product names.
Coinage ¡°Coinage is the invention of totally new terms¡± Sources of coined words: 1. Trade names of commercial products that become general terms or Eponyms. Example: aspirin, kleenex, teflon, xerox. 2. New words based on the name of a person or a place. Example: hoover, jeans, sandwich.
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Word formation process

  • 2. Word-formation ?Creation of a new word ?The process of forming new words from words or word groups with the same root
  • 3. 3 main types of process Subtractive process Meaning change Additive process
  • 5. Compounding Compounds consist of two more free morphemes or words consisting of free morphemes. Examples: blackbird, clock work, light bulb, notebook, bittersweet Compounding is the strongest process of word formation!
  • 6. In English, when two words are of different grammatical categories, the class of the second or final word becomes the category of the compound Example: blackbird. Compounds formed with a preposition are in the category of the non-prepositional part of the compound. Examples: undertake, uphill
  • 7. BLENDING Something ¡°less¡± than a compound.... smog = smoke + fog motel = motor + hotel Brunch = breakfast + lunch Parts of two or more different words join- usually 1st part of one and 2nd part of other.
  • 8. Back formation A new word is created by removing what is mistakenly considered to be an affix edit from editor; peddle from peddler; enthuse from enthusiasm orientate from orientation
  • 9. AFFIXATION ?A bound morpheme is added with another morpheme Prefixation Suffixation Infixation
  • 10. # Prefixation - Example : independent, impossible # Suffixation - Example : kindness, kindly # Infixation - Example : absobloominglutely
  • 11. Derivational Derivational affixes attaches to the base form of a word to create a new word 1. Verb to noun : preserve to preservation 2. Verb to verb : appear to disappear 3. Verb to adjective : bore to boring 4. Adjective to noun : ugly to ugliness
  • 12. Root creation ? The creation of a new ROOT, BASE, or simple WORD ? Rare compared with compounding and derivation ? ECHOISM, NEOLOGISM, ONOMATOPOEIA are some types of root creation
  • 14. ? Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. ? Initialism is pronounced as a word ? e.g. CD (compact disk) VCR (video cassette recorder) RADAR (radio detection and ranging) HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) ATM (automated teller machine)
  • 15. Clipping ? Clipping occurs when a word with more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form. ? E.g. gasoline(gas) advertisement(ad) laboratory(lab) telephone(phone) examination(exam)
  • 17. Abbreviations ? A word or phrase is shortened ? largely a convention of written language, sometimes abbreviations carry over into spoken language ? Example : Apr. ¨C April, cm ¨C centimeter(s), dept. ¨C department, Dr. ¨C doctor
  • 19. Reconstruction and addition of new words. Words created from scratch or derived from names of individuals, places, or product names.
  • 20. Coinage ¡°Coinage is the invention of totally new terms¡± Sources of coined words: 1. Trade names of commercial products that become general terms or Eponyms. Example: aspirin, kleenex, teflon, xerox. 2. New words based on the name of a person or a place. Example: hoover, jeans, sandwich.