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World War 1

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Liam D坦naill

World War I was caused by militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism in Europe leading up to 1914. The immediate trigger was the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists. This caused Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia and drew in allies on both sides through a series of interlinking alliances. The war became global and total war as more countries joined and all domestic resources were devoted to the war effort. Fighting lasted from 1914-1918 and was especially deadly and prolonged on the Western and Eastern Fronts. The U.S. entry into the war in 1917 helped ensure an Allied victory. After huge losses, the war finally ended with the defeat of Germany and the Treaty of

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W orld W ar I The G reat W ar DROM ANA College
MAIN Causes of WWI Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism
Cause: Militarism All major nations wanted a large army in response to nationalism, imperialism and the perceived threats from other armies
Cause: Alliances Caused many countries to join fighting once war had begun Before the war: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente Later: Central Powers and Allied Powers
Cause: Imperialism Desire for increased territory and wealth led to competition over colonies
Cause: Nationalism Desire to prove national greatness led to rivalries between great powers Highly nationalistic ethnic groups were calling for independence (e.g., Serbians, part of Slavic ethnic group)
Ottoman Empire had declined and some Balkan countries were now independent Austria took over (annexed) Bosnia and Herzegovina, part of Slavic ethnic group Serbia, also Slavic, resented Austrian aggression; wanted large Slavic-controlled region The Catalyst: Background
The Catalyst Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Serbian nationalist group, Black Hand, wanted Bosnia freed from Austria 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip of the Black Hand killed the Archduke on June 28, 1914
The Catalyst Leads to War Austria wanted to punish Serbia and set demands; most agreed to, but not enough Austria declares war against Serbia on July 28, 1914
War Spreads July 28Russia (also Slavic) mobilized troops to the Austrian border Aug 1Austrias ally Germany saw this as a threat and declared war on Russia
War Continues to Spread Aug 3Germany declared war on France, Russias ally Aug 4after Germany attacked neutral Belgium, to get to France, Britain declared war on Germany
The Schlieffen Plan Firstattack France to the west Secondattack Russia to the east Worked well to start: in Paris by Sept 3 Intended to keep Germany from having to fight on two fronts at the same time
The Schlieffen Plan
Alliances Before the War Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente: France, Russia, Britain
Alliances Shift After War Starts Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary later, Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire (wanting to regain lost territories)
Allied Powers (the Allies) Great Britain, France, Russia soon Japan, and later Italy also Serbia, Greece, Romania, etc. much later, the U.S. (1917)
Europe in 1914
Short war goes long German plan worked well to start: in Paris by Sept 3 Battle of the Marne began on Sept 5, after 8 days of battle, German offensive was stopped Russians soon attacking Germany in the east the Schlieffen Plan has failed
Stuck in the trenches Battle of Verdun in Feb 1916each side lost more than 300,000 men
The western and eastern fronts Investigate the Western and Eastern Fronts and annotate the map provided to identify where they were in Europe. Find and record information on the nations involved on each front and the casualties suffered.
Trenches on the Western Front
New technology of war Machine guns Poison gas Grenades Armored tanks Larger artillery: canons Submarines Airplanes armed with machine guns
Western Front Mostly in France, near German border 500 miles of trenches dug in France Trench warfare No Mans Landthe uninhabited land between the rows of trenches STALEMATEstuck, nobody makes any real progress
Battles of the western front Research Task Choose one of the following battles on the Western Front and write a 200 word summary of it: First Battle of Ypres Battle of Fromelles Battle of Passchendaele The Somme Battle of Verdun Include information on the following in your report: Casualties Military leaders Objectives Combatants Weapons
Eastern Front Along Russias borders with Germany and Austria- Hungary Fewer trenches, more mobile and more brutal than western front Russians always short of supplies
Russias Role Russias huge population provided plenty of soldiers to send to the front Russia kept Germany from winning the war by occupying them in the east, dividing forces
Gallipolli, 1915
Global war Every continent throughout the GLOBE Fighting over colonies Also colonial subjects served their European masters
Whos Fighting? Middle East (Arab nationalists helped Britain) Asia (Japan took German colonies; India fought for Britain) Africa (English & French wanted German land) Americas: Brazil, Canada and later, U.S. Australia (fighting for British)
Total War Every country involved devoted its TOTAL resources to the war effort Governments took over factories, etc.
Life on the Home Front Rationing in Europe Limiting the amount of daily supplies that people could buy (gasoline, sugar, etc.) On a volunteer basis in U.S. Propaganda Persuading the population to support the war
World War 1
World War 1
World War 1
World War 1
Women worked in factories & on farms replacing men who had gone to fight
U.S. Enters the War U.S. policy of isolationism had kept it out of the war, though they helped Allies Unrestricted submarine warfare by Germans sank British and U.S. ships, including passenger ships (Lusitania)
The Lusitania Investigate the Lusitania and what happen to it. What were the consequences?
The Lusitania
U.S. Enters the War Zimmerman NoteUS learned of German telegram offering Mexico US territory if it joined Germany US entered war on April 2, 1917 Took a year to get 2 million US soldiers over
Russias Problems WWI had contributed to problems in Russia and helped cause revolution Russian Revolution of March, 1917 led to fall of Czar Nicholas II New provisionary government does not leave war, this led to resentment and
Russia Leaves the War Bolshevik Revolution of Nov, 1917 led to Communist takeover of Russia Bolshevik leader Lenin signed peace treaty with Germany in November, 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Final Act With Russia out, Germany could focus on Western Front BUTarrival of US troops and exhaustion of German army and supplies led to defeat of Germany
Fighting Ends Central Powers signed the Armistice (end to fighting) Nov 11, 1918
Treaty of Versailles Allied Powers met to create a post-war treaty at the Palace of Versailles Started on Jan 18, 1919 & signed on June 28, 1919 (5 years after assassination) Big 4: US, France, Britain, Italy (Japan virtually shut out)
The Fourteen-Point Plan Woodrow Wilsons proposal for peace End to secret treaties Freedom of seas Reduce national armies and navies Self-determination for colonial peoples just peace (no harsh punishment) League of Nations
In the End Britain & France agreed to League of Nations but not the rest of Wilsons plan
Germany was punished: рWar guilt clause, Germany to pay $33 billion over 30 years to Allies ($407 billion in 2008 money) Lost lots of territory Restrictions on German military
The Result 4 Empires Ended: Russian, German, Ottoman, Austrian-Hungarian Ex-colonies administered by League; colonies angry at treatment by Europe
More Results Japan and Italy angry gained little Germany left virtually destroyed, broke, in debt, embitteredready for Hitler 20 years later
Total Costs 8.5 million soldiers died 21 million soldiers wounded 1918 flu epidemic killed as many as 50 million Made worse by wartime conditions
Total Costs cont. A generation lost Farmland, homes, & villages destroyed Total cost in 1918 dollars: $338 billion (about $4 trillion in todays money)
World War 1
World War 1

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World War 1

  • 2. MAIN Causes of WWI Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism
  • 3. Cause: Militarism All major nations wanted a large army in response to nationalism, imperialism and the perceived threats from other armies
  • 4. Cause: Alliances Caused many countries to join fighting once war had begun Before the war: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente Later: Central Powers and Allied Powers
  • 5. Cause: Imperialism Desire for increased territory and wealth led to competition over colonies
  • 6. Cause: Nationalism Desire to prove national greatness led to rivalries between great powers Highly nationalistic ethnic groups were calling for independence (e.g., Serbians, part of Slavic ethnic group)
  • 7. Ottoman Empire had declined and some Balkan countries were now independent Austria took over (annexed) Bosnia and Herzegovina, part of Slavic ethnic group Serbia, also Slavic, resented Austrian aggression; wanted large Slavic-controlled region The Catalyst: Background
  • 8. The Catalyst Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Serbian nationalist group, Black Hand, wanted Bosnia freed from Austria 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip of the Black Hand killed the Archduke on June 28, 1914
  • 9. The Catalyst Leads to War Austria wanted to punish Serbia and set demands; most agreed to, but not enough Austria declares war against Serbia on July 28, 1914
  • 10. War Spreads July 28Russia (also Slavic) mobilized troops to the Austrian border Aug 1Austrias ally Germany saw this as a threat and declared war on Russia
  • 11. War Continues to Spread Aug 3Germany declared war on France, Russias ally Aug 4after Germany attacked neutral Belgium, to get to France, Britain declared war on Germany
  • 12. The Schlieffen Plan Firstattack France to the west Secondattack Russia to the east Worked well to start: in Paris by Sept 3 Intended to keep Germany from having to fight on two fronts at the same time
  • 14. Alliances Before the War Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente: France, Russia, Britain
  • 15. Alliances Shift After War Starts Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary later, Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire (wanting to regain lost territories)
  • 16. Allied Powers (the Allies) Great Britain, France, Russia soon Japan, and later Italy also Serbia, Greece, Romania, etc. much later, the U.S. (1917)
  • 18. Short war goes long German plan worked well to start: in Paris by Sept 3 Battle of the Marne began on Sept 5, after 8 days of battle, German offensive was stopped Russians soon attacking Germany in the east the Schlieffen Plan has failed
  • 19. Stuck in the trenches Battle of Verdun in Feb 1916each side lost more than 300,000 men
  • 20. The western and eastern fronts Investigate the Western and Eastern Fronts and annotate the map provided to identify where they were in Europe. Find and record information on the nations involved on each front and the casualties suffered.
  • 22. New technology of war Machine guns Poison gas Grenades Armored tanks Larger artillery: canons Submarines Airplanes armed with machine guns
  • 23. Western Front Mostly in France, near German border 500 miles of trenches dug in France Trench warfare No Mans Landthe uninhabited land between the rows of trenches STALEMATEstuck, nobody makes any real progress
  • 24. Battles of the western front Research Task Choose one of the following battles on the Western Front and write a 200 word summary of it: First Battle of Ypres Battle of Fromelles Battle of Passchendaele The Somme Battle of Verdun Include information on the following in your report: Casualties Military leaders Objectives Combatants Weapons
  • 25. Eastern Front Along Russias borders with Germany and Austria- Hungary Fewer trenches, more mobile and more brutal than western front Russians always short of supplies
  • 26. Russias Role Russias huge population provided plenty of soldiers to send to the front Russia kept Germany from winning the war by occupying them in the east, dividing forces
  • 28. Global war Every continent throughout the GLOBE Fighting over colonies Also colonial subjects served their European masters
  • 29. Whos Fighting? Middle East (Arab nationalists helped Britain) Asia (Japan took German colonies; India fought for Britain) Africa (English & French wanted German land) Americas: Brazil, Canada and later, U.S. Australia (fighting for British)
  • 30. Total War Every country involved devoted its TOTAL resources to the war effort Governments took over factories, etc.
  • 31. Life on the Home Front Rationing in Europe Limiting the amount of daily supplies that people could buy (gasoline, sugar, etc.) On a volunteer basis in U.S. Propaganda Persuading the population to support the war
  • 36. Women worked in factories & on farms replacing men who had gone to fight
  • 37. U.S. Enters the War U.S. policy of isolationism had kept it out of the war, though they helped Allies Unrestricted submarine warfare by Germans sank British and U.S. ships, including passenger ships (Lusitania)
  • 38. The Lusitania Investigate the Lusitania and what happen to it. What were the consequences?
  • 40. U.S. Enters the War Zimmerman NoteUS learned of German telegram offering Mexico US territory if it joined Germany US entered war on April 2, 1917 Took a year to get 2 million US soldiers over
  • 41. Russias Problems WWI had contributed to problems in Russia and helped cause revolution Russian Revolution of March, 1917 led to fall of Czar Nicholas II New provisionary government does not leave war, this led to resentment and
  • 42. Russia Leaves the War Bolshevik Revolution of Nov, 1917 led to Communist takeover of Russia Bolshevik leader Lenin signed peace treaty with Germany in November, 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
  • 43. The Final Act With Russia out, Germany could focus on Western Front BUTarrival of US troops and exhaustion of German army and supplies led to defeat of Germany
  • 44. Fighting Ends Central Powers signed the Armistice (end to fighting) Nov 11, 1918
  • 45. Treaty of Versailles Allied Powers met to create a post-war treaty at the Palace of Versailles Started on Jan 18, 1919 & signed on June 28, 1919 (5 years after assassination) Big 4: US, France, Britain, Italy (Japan virtually shut out)
  • 46. The Fourteen-Point Plan Woodrow Wilsons proposal for peace End to secret treaties Freedom of seas Reduce national armies and navies Self-determination for colonial peoples just peace (no harsh punishment) League of Nations
  • 47. In the End Britain & France agreed to League of Nations but not the rest of Wilsons plan
  • 48. Germany was punished: рWar guilt clause, Germany to pay $33 billion over 30 years to Allies ($407 billion in 2008 money) Lost lots of territory Restrictions on German military
  • 49. The Result 4 Empires Ended: Russian, German, Ottoman, Austrian-Hungarian Ex-colonies administered by League; colonies angry at treatment by Europe
  • 50. More Results Japan and Italy angry gained little Germany left virtually destroyed, broke, in debt, embitteredready for Hitler 20 years later
  • 51. Total Costs 8.5 million soldiers died 21 million soldiers wounded 1918 flu epidemic killed as many as 50 million Made worse by wartime conditions
  • 52. Total Costs cont. A generation lost Farmland, homes, & villages destroyed Total cost in 1918 dollars: $338 billion (about $4 trillion in todays money)