![Appeal to an expert who is not expert in the area of
concern.
Inappropriate Authority:
o According to my dad
o Einstein said [something about evolution]
Unidentified Authority:
o Studies show
o Experts agree
o Science says
Appeal to the Masses:
o Everybody knows](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture3-230509123300-b6b3078c/85/Lecture-3-pptx-22-320.jpg)
Lecture 3.pptx
- 2. To enable the students to understand what thinking is. To enable them to write reflection of every class they attend of personal development course. To enable them to develop the habit of learning new things through criticial thinking. To educate them as to why it is important for them to think regularly and how they could become a leader without having any position if they critically evaluate every situation for better solutions.
- 6. Thinking cover all of the mental activities associated with concept- formation, problem solving, intellectual functioning, creativity, complex learning, memory and imagery .
- 9. Because whenever we are dealing with human life, we are almost always dealing with thinking.
- 10. Thinking is the way that the mind makes sense of the world.
- 11. There is no way to understand anything except through thinking.
- 12. what is there what is happening what our problems are what our options are what threatens us what is important what is unimportant who our friends are who our enemies are what our history is who we are who loves us, etc., etc. Thinking tells us
- 13. what we learn how we learn what we think is important to learn what effort we should expend what we think is true what we think is false how things should be viewed whether our learning is of high or low quality whether our learning is deep or superficial
- 14. Everything we know, believe, want, fear and hope for, are determined by our thinking.
- 17. He is a bad journalist because he is a bad man. Young people are more immoral in their behavior than older people. Ahmar is bound to be intelligent because he is always reading. The Pakistanis are the best people in the world. Having just arrived in Ohio, I saw a white squirrel. All Ohio Squirrels are white. No one can deny the justice of our cause. He mixes with criminals, therefore he is a criminal himself.
- 18. Determinism Determinism refers to people's behavior being determined for them by some external force. Empirical evidence Empirical evidence is evidence from observations. It can be through naturalistic observation Objectivity Judgment based on observable phenomena and uninfluenced by emotions or personal discrimination.
- 19. A fallacy is a technical flaw which makes an argument unsound or invalid. Arguments which contain fallacies are described as fallacious. They often appear valid and convincing; sometimes only close inspection reveals the logical flaw.
- 20. If you're in a vicious circle you're in a situation in which the solution to one problem becomes the cause of another one, and the solution to that one causes the first problem to occur again. Example: If I quit cigarettes I put on weight, and if I put on weight I get depressed, and if I get depressed I start smoking again. It's a vicious circle.
- 21. This fallacy is committed when we assert a statement to be true on the evidence that many other people supposedly believe it. Being widely believed is not proof or evidence of the truth. Example: At one time, most people in Europe believed that the earth was the center of the solar system (at least most of those who had beliefs about such things). However, this belief turned out to be false. God must exist. After all, I just saw a poll that says 85% of all Americans believe in God.
- 22. Appeal to an expert who is not expert in the area of concern. Inappropriate Authority: o According to my dad o Einstein said [something about evolution] Unidentified Authority: o Studies show o Experts agree o Science says Appeal to the Masses: o Everybody knows
- 23. A straw man is a common form of argument and is an informal fallacy based on giving the impression of refuting an opponent's argument, while actually refuting an argument that was not presented by that opponent. One who engages in this fallacy is said to be "attacking a straw man. Example: Those who favor gun-control legislation just want to take all guns away from responsible citizens and put them into the hands of the criminals.
- 24. Example: I am a single parent, solely responsible for the financial support of my children. If you give me this traffic ticket, I will lose my license and be unable to drive to work.
- 25. Questions that lead to nowhere. Example: How is the mind related to the body?
- 26. Example: Jim Bakker was an insincere Christian; therefore, all Christians are insincere.
- 27. Often called the either/or fallacy because the argument nearly always includes the words "either... or...". This fallacy assumes that we must choose between two opposite extremes instead of allowing for other possibilities, especially for the possibility of choosing an alternative between the extremes. Example: Women need to be either brilliant or beautiful to survive in this world.
- 29. 1. Check Your Attitude 2. Have a Clear Purpose 3. Use Your Passion to control your Emotions 4. Use your Negative Thinking to produce Positive Action 5. Use Cool Logic in Hot Situations to reach your Goal
- 30. Critical Thinking is a Self-Directed Process by which we take Deliberate Steps to think at the Highest Level of Quality.
- 31. Good critical thinking skills bring numerous benefits such as: improved attention and observation more focused reading improved ability to identify the key points in a text or other message rather than becoming distracted by less important material. improved ability to respond to the appropriate points in a message knowledge of how to get your own point across more easily skills of analysis that you can choose to apply in a variety of situations.
- 32. The Critical Thinking Mind = The Educated Mind
- 34. Emotions Narrow-mindedness Distrust
- 37. 1. Know exactly what you want 2. Deal with your biases 3. Consider the consequences of your options 4. Do your research 5. Accept the fact that youre not always right 6. Break it down 7. Don't overcomplicate things
- 41. To begin to think about your thinking, make a list of problems you believe currently exist with your thinking. Try to be as explicit as possible. The more problems you identify the better. Complete the following statements for each of the problem you have identified, 1. One problem with my thinking is 2. This is a problem because 3. If I adequately addressed this problem, the quality of my life would improve in the following ways
- 42. Consider your thinking in these domains of your life: at work, in personal relationships, in teaching, in intimate relationships, as a reader, as a writer, in planning your life, in dealing with your emotions, in figuring out complex situations. Complete these statements: Right now, I believe my thinking across all domains of my life is of ______________ quality. I based this judgment on _________________. In the following areas, I think very well In the following areas, my thinking is OK, not great, but not terrible either In the following areas, my thinking is probably of low quality List at least three areas for each of the above.