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RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT
Class X
Geography
Chapter 1

Resource
Everything available in our environment
which can be used to satisfy our needs,
provided, it is
 technologically accessible,
 economically feasible and
 culturally acceptable
can be termed as ‘Resource’.

Types of Resources
Resources are of two types:
 Natural resources: - All the free gifts of
nature are called natural resources. E. g. air,
water, etc.
 Man made resources: -The resources that
have been developed by human beings after
interacting with nature are called man made
resources. E. g. buildings, vehicles etc.

Classification of Resources
Resources can be classified in the following ways–
 On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic.
 On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and
non-renewable
 On the basis of ownership – individual,
community, national and international
 On the basis of status of development –
potential, developed, stock and reserves.

Resource Planning
Resource planning is a complex process which involves →
Step
1
• Identification and inventory of resources across the
regions of the country.This involves surveying, mapping
and qualitative and quantitative estimation and
measurement of the resources.
Step
2
• Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate
technology, skill and institutional set up for
implementing resource development plans.
Step
3
• Matching the resource development plans with overall
national development plans.

Sustainable development
Sustainable economic development means
‘development should take place without
damaging the environment, and
development in the present should not
compromise with the needs of the future
generations.’

Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992
 In June 1992, more than 100 heads
of states met in Rio deJaneiro in
Brazil, for the first International
Earth Summit.
 The Summit was convened for
addressing urgent problems of
environmental protection and
socioeconomic development at the
global level.
 The assembled leaders signed the
Declaration on Global Climatic
Change and Biological Diversity.
 The Rio Convention endorsed the
global Forest Principles and adopted
Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable
Development in the 21st century.
 It is the declaration signed by world
leaders in 1992 at the United Nations
Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), which took
place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
 It aims at achieving global sustainable
development.
 It is an agenda to combat
environmental damage, poverty,
disease through global co-operation
on common interests, mutual needs
and shared responsibilities.
 One major objective of the Agenda 21
is that every local government should
draw its own localAgenda 21.
Agenda 21

Relief features
India has land under a variety of relief
features, namely; mountains, plateaus,
plains and islands.
 About 43 per cent of the land area is
plain, which provides facilities for
agriculture and industry.
 Mountains account for 30 per cent
of the total surface area of the country
and ensure perennial flow of some
rivers, provide facilities for tourism and
ecological aspects.
 About 27 per cent of the area of the
country is the plateau region. It
possesses rich reserves of minerals,
fossil fuels and forests.
Sales
Plain
Mountain
Plateau

Land resource
Importance of Land
 We live on land.
 We perform our economic activities on land.
 We use it in different ways.
 Land is a natural resource of utmost
importance.
 It supports natural vegetation, wild life, human
life, economic activities, and transport and
communication systems

Land Use Pattern of India
Land resources are used for the
following purposes:
1. Forests
2. Land not available for cultivation
(a) Barren and waste land
(b) Land put to non-agricultural
uses, e.g. buildings, roads,
factories, etc.
3. Other uncultivated land
(excluding fallow land)
(a) Permanent pastures and grazing
land,
(b) Land under miscellaneous tree
crops groves
(c) Culturable waste land
4. Fallow lands
(a) Current fallow
(b) Other than current fallow
5. Net sown area

Factors responsible for land degradation
Some human activities such as
 Deforestation,
 Over grazing,
 Mining and quarrying
 Over irrigation
 Industrial effluents as waste
have contributed significantly in land
degradation.

Solution for land degradation
 Planting more and more trees
 Proper management of grazing
 Planting of shelter belts of plants
 Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny
bushes
 Proper management of waste lands
 Control of mining activities
 Proper discharge and disposal of industrial
effluents and wastes after treatment

Soil
Soil
The topmost layer
of the earth’s crust
that is the medium
of plant growth and
supports different
types of living
organisms on the
earth is called the
soil.
Types of soils
On the basis of the factors responsible for soil
formation, colour, thickness, texture, age,
chemical and physical properties, the soils of
India can be classified in six different types.
 Alluvial
 Black
 Red and yellow
 Laterite
 Forest
 Arid

Soil Erosion
The removal of
the soil from
one place to
another due to
natural agents
like wind and
water is called
soil erosion
 The processes of soil formation and erosion go
on simultaneously and generally there is a
balance between the two.
 Sometimes, this balance is disturbed due to
human activities.
 The running water cuts through the clayey soils
and makes deep channels as gullies. The land
becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as
bad land.
 Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large
areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is
washed away. This is known as sheet erosion.
 Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land
known as wind erosion.
 Soil erosion is also caused due to defective
methods of farming. Ploughing in a wrong way
that is up and down the slope form channels for
the quick flow of water leading to soil erosion.

Agriculturaltechniquestocontrolsoilerosion
 Contour ploughing
 Step farming
 Shelter belts
 Strip farming
 Settled farming

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Resource and development

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