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economics economy macro economics business economics developmental economics micro economics reciprocal demand pakistan equilibrium advance macro inflation international economics international trade real gdp trade nominal gdp research data analysis average cost initial utility market research reports competitive exchange rates saving and investment fiscal policy import and export fixed cost government interventions exogenous variables price mechanism endogenous variables comparative costs mill鈥檚 theory governmental ownership efficiency microsoft comparative advantage finance steady state condition technological threats research designs consumption function research proposal data collection culture production function pakistan economics mankiw macroeconomics gdp world bank and imf foreign trade employment merit goods business demerit goods structural unemployment frictional unemployment public goods imf classical theories of trade technology boom price floor ricardo鈥檚 theory price ceiling adam smith supply chain national income specialization commodity money communication currency depreciation average variable cost unemployment rate open economy perfect competition minimum wage rate globalization international finance economic interdependence land reforms agrigarian reforms environmental sustainability promoting investment creating linkages gender mainstreaming production relations-triple c terms of trade ayub khan z.a bhutto federal land commission land reforms cases zulfiqar ali bhutto provincial authority theory of utility cardinal theory equi marginal utility marginal utility total utility law of diminidhing marginal h. gossen intermediate micro economics imports child philosophy and tech destroying our environment environmental degradation albert einstein oil and gas industry weapons technology is in our hands will technology save us society shift government tax tax burdun controls on prices not binding binding rent control buyers policy framework members policy restructuring imf new role crisis prevention governance quotas reform and appointment surveillance and analysis exports intra-regional or home trade domestic trade currencies classical economics classical theories of it theory of mercantilism theory of absolute advantage theory of comparative advantag theory of comparative costs. ulrich beck theory risky world technoculture risk technology economics and culture ulrich beck anthony giddens risks are potential disasters modernism information technology technology will destroy earth environment effects of technology habits and technology human poverty index multidimensional poverty index gender inequality index health education mew new problem of scarcity basic economic problem scarcity unlimited wants limited resources factor of production thailand labour capital enterprise sectors of economy scarcity & choice opportunity cost production possibility curve ppc inward ppc outward ppc business model business and economy demand curve supply curve law of demand keynesian multiplier accelerator effect multiplier and accelerator mpc apc keynesian cross withdrawals and injection paradox of thrift mcq unemployment employment & unemployment cyclical unemployment classical unemployment keynesian unemployment too high unemployment benefits real wage unemployment demand deficit unemployment mass unemployment involuntary unemployment voluntary unemployment full employment nru economic development standard of living non-monetary indicators monetary indicator gross domestic product) human development index net economic welfare compitition market failure market monopolies private cost private benefits external cost external benefits social cost social benefits price increased demand political history politics imran khan pmln pppp mqm bhutto nawaz sharif constitution 1965 constitution pti pml-q fudalism military takeover accountability political economy democracy law of supply endogenous factors exogenous factors assumptions history of money money and banking money & banking characteristics of money barter system monetary systems self-sufficiency metallic money paper money plastic money bank money durability portability divisibility uniformity economic system command economic system planned economic system market economic system mixed economic system private goods economic questions rationing mechanism equity freedom of choice capital accumulation population growth solow model closed economy optimal saving rate capital stock robert solow national income identity depriciation population growth rate malthusian model break-even investment replace capital qualitative research types of qualitative research case study ethnography historical study phenomenology grounded theory stratified sampling quota sampling voluntary sampling non- probability sampling cluster sampling purposive / judgemental sample business research types of research basic reserch applied research velocity of money gdp deflator money demand quantity theory of money spending and output trade surplus trade deficit international capital flow investment function exogenous policy variables supply of loanable funds capital flows nominal exchange rate real exchange rate net export function rate of unemployment natural rate of unemployment: recession rate of job equilibrium u rate technological change public policy real wage rigidity wage rigidity efficiency wage theory labour unions wage rate aging of the baby boomers unskilled workers economic growth exploratory research measurability evaluation resource allocation time-bound to examine analysis investigate propose compare verb action verb non action verbs cpec gawader kashgar punjab sindh kpk balouchistan game changer flagship project one belt one road energy projects infrastructure south china sea cpec components china to gulf and cpec india and cpec uae and cpec conclusive research causal research hypothesis problem defination problem statement pilot testing instrument design report writing management research conclusion research process pilot study research hypothesis guidance & focus testability & contribution literature review expected outcomes references limitations data sources type of data required data collection plan primary data sources research objectives specific clear measurable direction and focus clarity structure afghanistan and cpec ten principles deregulation tax reforms deregulation policies legal security ordinal approach indifference curve francis y. edgeworth vilfredo pareto john richard hicks allen utility is ordinal indifference map mrs diminishing mrs perfect substitutes perfect complements budget line consumer factors affecting ic microeconomics business objectives profit and loss breakeven point revenue total cot variable cost functions of cost average fixed cost profit maximization multilateral consultation g mankiw circular flow expenditure and income value added consumption investment government expenditure stock and flows nect exports government spending gnp vs. gdp cpi g. mankiw gdp per capita supply and demand prices: flexible vs. sticky sticky prices flexible income macro washington consensus neo liberalism capitalism free enterprise free market capitalism state welfare privatization taxation reduction government spending marginal cost mercantilism absolute advantage ellsworth reciprocal demand elasticity j.s.mill law of international value advance macroeconomics market clearing model factors of production return to scale distribution of ni factor prices marginal product of labor diminishing marginal returns real wage rate real rental rate neoclassical theory income distributed cobb-douglas production loanable funds investment and saving surpluses and deficits money classical theory of inflation money and prices fiat money money supply monetary policy federal reserve central bank economic profit shut down of firm market price positive profit losses zero economic profit negative profit allocative effeciency productivity productive efficiency china in profile topography chinese civilization unification of china confucius\ chinese mind features of chinese culture great power of assimilation justice and peace religions in china decline of imperial china trade and money national imcome international trade and invest international trade and govt balance of payment international policy capital market national default monetary side bank deposits