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introduction comparative analysis application xrd mechanisms and their characteristics redox reaction in aqueous media. redox reaction balancing redox reactions nmr spectroscopy mossbauer spectroscopy potable water modern methods recovery of metals from effluent factors affecting bioavailability limitation of bioavailability and bioequivalence methods to determine bioavailability need for bioequivalence bioavailability and bioeqivalence factors that affect xrd data x ray diffraction rotating crystal method bragg law debye scherrer method xrd technique crystal structure determination by laue method x-ray diffraction methods sample xrd pattern bragg equation laue method what is x-ray diffraction? the powder method applications of xrd debye scherrer camera oxidizing and reducing agent types of bioavailability dakin reactions bayers process oxidation hptlc applications fuel cells : intro chain reactions curie and curie weiss laws magnectic susceptibility magnetism types of magnetism enzyme electrodes gas sensing electrodes ion selective potentiometry liquid-liquid electrodes rearrangement experimental procedure principle batch and column setup affinity chromatography uses membrane separation dialysis reverse osmosis electrodialysis principle. mass spectroscopy introduction. correlation of mass spectra with molecular structu metastable peaks phytochemical analysis ocimum sanctum (tulsi) ficus religiosa (peepal) chemiscal analysis sem and eds potassium vanadate green mediated synthesis ftir nanocuboids catalysis of so2 to so3 uv-vis spectroscopy cotton seed biosynthesis edx sem ftir. nanoparticles zinc oxide characterization of nano materials methods of synthesis of nanomaterials synthesis of metal nanoparticles bio-based methods techniques advantages synthesis of colloids and growth of nanoparticles znv2o5 nanocrystals antimicrobial activity escherichia coli staphylococcus aureus thermal decomposition electrocatalytic activity anthracene molecular identification. plane-polarized light cahn-ingold-prelog rules assign (r) or (s) fischer-rosanoff convention stereochemistry chirality polarimetry isomer organization absolute configuration fischer projections stereocenters two or more chiral carbons how about molecules? chirality in molecules stereoisomer's ring compounds diastereomers biological values of human nutrition protein lipids carbohydrates estimation of enzymes organometallic compounds interactions between the ligands and the metal ligands in organometallic chemistry organic ligands and nomenclature the 18-electron rule cynodon dactylon (durva/bermuda grass) elemental analysis azadirachtaindica (neem) aegle marmelos (bael)