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Aquatic Animal Health Directive and the Fish Health Inspectorate

Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)
Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)

The document summarizes the key aspects of the new Aquatic Animal Health Directive, including: 1) It establishes a risk-based and preventative approach to aquatic animal health, requiring biosecurity plans and authorizing businesses. 2) It covers fish, molluscs, and crustaceans, listing notifiable exotic and non-exotic diseases. 3) The Fish Health Inspectorate is the competent authority responsible for disease surveillance, controls, and enforcement.

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The New Aquatic Animal Health Directive Towards a Sustainable Aquaculture Industry for England 14 October 2009 Kevin Denham Cefas, Weymouth laboratory
Fish Health Inspectorate The Fish Health Inspectorate is the competent authority for the diagnosis and control of notifiable diseases of fish and shellfish in England and Wales Notifiable diseases are generally untreatable, and are likely to have a significant economic impact on aquaculture, and/or wild fish populations.
FHI Core Responsibilities Surveillance and control of RG notifiable diseases PBM Authorisation/registration of NA NJT APBs NO SJB Ensuring compliance with DA JJH statutory requirements CE RA KRJ Provision of advice to Defra RA and other Government NJC SO SO SO AM AM AM agencies PRW NT LT LT LT LT UT Provision of industry US AK AN production data. AC LS Application of trade controls SH SH AE NE NE on live aquatic animals WA NE SL Contingency planning NW HA SP KT SW SX Investigations and DE enforcement CW Work on behalf of Jersey, Isle of Man & other government bodies e.g. VMD. FSA.
CEFAS Investigations and Enforcement Illegal import of 1 Tonne of large carp from France Nov 2006 Transport tanks in rear of van The Cost! Humanely slaughtered consignment
Whole Farm Approach The FHI provides a field service for research projects in Cefas Also undertakes non-disease work ILFA (licensing non-native species) Aquaculture advice In addition we work for other Government Agencies: Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) Food Standards Agency (FSA) GM Inspectorate
New Aquatic Animal Health Legislation
Diseases of Fish Acts 1937 & 1983 Introduced restrictions on fish imports Imports of live fish of the salmon (Salmonidae) family prohibited Imports of salmonid eggs and other species only permitted under licence Introduced powers to control fish diseases (notifiable diseases) Specific diseases prescribed by statutory order (Infected waters) Attributed responsibility for notification Powers to place statutory controls (TDN and DAO) Register of fish farms
The EC Fish Health Directive A single European market measure EC Directive 91/67: Concerning the animal health conditions governing the placing on the market of aquaculture animals and products Established fish health rules at Community level for rational development of European aquaculture Principle that the completion of the internal market must not cause the spread of infectious disease Recognised that aquaculture animal health status is not the same throughout Europe.
New Aquatic Animal Health Directive Council Directive 2006/88/EC 91/67 was in response to single European market initiative 15 years ago and 15 member states; now 27. Wider emphasis from salmonid to Mediterranean marine and cyprinid cultivation. Addresses threats to the new cultivated species and cover the trade practices in the larger community. Directed at aquaculture by design but also protects the health status of wild and fishery stocks. In preparation for nearly 10 years and was enacted into law through The Animal Health (England and Wales) Regulations 2009
New Features Covers fish, molluscan and crustacean health and also includes control in the same directive Risk based approach to monitoring More emphasis on disease prevention rather than control Biosecurity measures plans Disease listing now includes exotic and non-exotic diseases of fish, molluscs and crustaceans Much wider scope of businesses included in the Directive
New Features Contingency plans required for all exotic diseases New legislative powers for FHI including: controls on emerging disease FHI responsible for all statutory actions (IDs and CDs) Enforcement notices prior to moving to prosecution Controls on equipment, people and vehicles on infected sites Powers to seize equipment used in illegal activities e.g. fish smuggling.
New Requirements Authorisation Authorisation of aquaculture production businesses (APBs) including: Fish, shellfish and crustacean farms dealers importers depuration and dispatch centres and sites processing infected aquaculture animals APBs have conditions of authorisation and enforcement notices can be applied
Authorisation of APBs Authorisation will have conditions applied such as: Keeping records in a prescribed format Movement records to include both live and dead fish whether for food or disposal as waste Recording of places visited and mortalities during transport A requirement to notify the FHI in advance of any changes to business practices (e.g. species held) Have an approved biosecurity measures plan Legislation allows removal of authorisation should a business persistently breach conditions
Biosecurity measures plans All APBs require an approved biosecurity measures plan Guidance has been provided to relevant industry sectors Including a template for less well informed businesses FHI available to APBs for advice Objective is to improve aquatic animal health status across country FHI striving for a long term improvement in biosecurity
Risk Based Surveillance COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2006/88/EC requires that (18) risk-based animal health surveillance should be applied in all [such] farms and mollusc farming areas.
Risk ranking of farms
MED HIGH HIGH MED HIGH LOW LOW LOW MED
Council Directive 2006/88/EC Annex IV: Disease list
Aquatic Animal Health Directive and the Fish Health Inspectorate
Health Status of Zones and Compartments Category I Declared disease free Category II Not declared disease free but subject to surveillance programme Category III Not known to be infected but not subject to a surveillance programme Category IV Infected and subject to a control and eradication programme Category V Known to be infected
Exotic Diseases: Fish Epizootic ulcerative syndrome Fungal infection Aphanomyces invadans Clinical signs include lesions on the body with fungal hyphae present. Large range of freshwater and estuarine species susceptible Found across S-E Asia, India and more recently Africa Epizootic haemorrhagic necrosis Causative agent a Ranavirus in the family Iridoviridae Clinical signs include haemorrhaging at base of fins and gills, darkening of skin and distended abdomen Virus antigenically and genetically similar to viruses found in amphibia in Europe Disease is endemic to Australia
Non-Exotic Diseases: Fish Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) Koi herpesvirus disease (KHV)
Non-Exotic Diseases: koi herpesvirus disease Gill Necrosis
Shellfish Listed Diseases Exotic Non-exotic Bonamia exitiosa Marteilia refringens Perkinsus marinus Bonamia ostreae Microcytos mackini
Shellfish Health Status in England and Wales Whole coast is an Approved Zone for Marteilia We are an Approved Zone for Bonamia, except for 4 Controlled Areas where Bonamia is present We have not identified any other notifiable shellfish diseases
Exotic Diseases: Crustacea Taura Syndrome and Yellowhead disease Viral infections of Penaeid shrimp Found throughout the Americas and Asia Exotic to the EU Horizontal and vertical transmission Both cause up to 100% mortality in shrimp farms
White Spot Disease (WSD) Viral infection, all decapod crustacea potentially susceptible (marine and freshwater) Causes disease within European water temperature range Currently found in parts of Asia and Americas Unknown official status in Europe Possible global spread via live and frozen animal movements Some 3rd Countries are already requesting proof of disease status for imports Causes up to 100% mortality in shrimp farms
National Control Measures Article 43 Article 43 of 2006/88 EC provided provisions for limiting the impact of diseases not listed in the Directive GB has National Control measures under Commission Decision 2004/453/EC for SVC, BKD and G.salaris. National controls on these diseases, which are considered of high importance, will continue under the the new Directive
Spring Viraemia of Carp Present throughout much of Europe Largest outbreak in UK occurred in 1988. Since then there have been several smaller sporadic outbreaks Disease does not appear to persist in UK environmental conditions, and so can be controlled by movement restrictions. Source of infection in most cases can be linked to newly introduced fish, often illegally imported.
Bacterial Kidney Disease Systemic bacterial infection found in fish of the family Salmonidae in freshwater and seawater Caused by a gram-positive coryneform bacteria Renibacterium salmoninarum Fastidious, slow growing organism, disease development is slow. Widespread distribution Currently no effective licensed treatment or vaccines in Europe
Gyrodactylus salaris Difficulty in identification with over 400 species described Problem for wild fish rather than farms. Potentially devastating to wild Atlantic salmon populations Absent from British Isles
England & Wales: Fish Health Status 2009 Outbreaks Infected Sites Exotic diseases EUS 0 0 EHN 0 0 Non-exotics ISA 0 0 KHV 10 32 VHS 0 0 IHN 0 0 National G. salaris 0 0 Controls BKD 1 1 SVC 0 1
The Future Need to consolidate and embed legislation Ensure approach is proportionate and fit for purpose Improve legislative controls in some areas e.g. emerging diseases Budgetary constraints likely doing more for less Need to work in partnership with stakeholders and other organisations

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Aquatic Animal Health Directive and the Fish Health Inspectorate

  • 1. The New Aquatic Animal Health Directive Towards a Sustainable Aquaculture Industry for England 14 October 2009 Kevin Denham Cefas, Weymouth laboratory
  • 2. Fish Health Inspectorate The Fish Health Inspectorate is the competent authority for the diagnosis and control of notifiable diseases of fish and shellfish in England and Wales Notifiable diseases are generally untreatable, and are likely to have a significant economic impact on aquaculture, and/or wild fish populations.
  • 3. FHI Core Responsibilities Surveillance and control of RG notifiable diseases PBM Authorisation/registration of NA NJT APBs NO SJB Ensuring compliance with DA JJH statutory requirements CE RA KRJ Provision of advice to Defra RA and other Government NJC SO SO SO AM AM AM agencies PRW NT LT LT LT LT UT Provision of industry US AK AN production data. AC LS Application of trade controls SH SH AE NE NE on live aquatic animals WA NE SL Contingency planning NW HA SP KT SW SX Investigations and DE enforcement CW Work on behalf of Jersey, Isle of Man & other government bodies e.g. VMD. FSA.
  • 4. CEFAS Investigations and Enforcement Illegal import of 1 Tonne of large carp from France Nov 2006 Transport tanks in rear of van The Cost! Humanely slaughtered consignment
  • 5. Whole Farm Approach The FHI provides a field service for research projects in Cefas Also undertakes non-disease work ILFA (licensing non-native species) Aquaculture advice In addition we work for other Government Agencies: Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) Food Standards Agency (FSA) GM Inspectorate
  • 6. New Aquatic Animal Health Legislation
  • 7. Diseases of Fish Acts 1937 & 1983 Introduced restrictions on fish imports Imports of live fish of the salmon (Salmonidae) family prohibited Imports of salmonid eggs and other species only permitted under licence Introduced powers to control fish diseases (notifiable diseases) Specific diseases prescribed by statutory order (Infected waters) Attributed responsibility for notification Powers to place statutory controls (TDN and DAO) Register of fish farms
  • 8. The EC Fish Health Directive A single European market measure EC Directive 91/67: Concerning the animal health conditions governing the placing on the market of aquaculture animals and products Established fish health rules at Community level for rational development of European aquaculture Principle that the completion of the internal market must not cause the spread of infectious disease Recognised that aquaculture animal health status is not the same throughout Europe.
  • 9. New Aquatic Animal Health Directive Council Directive 2006/88/EC 91/67 was in response to single European market initiative 15 years ago and 15 member states; now 27. Wider emphasis from salmonid to Mediterranean marine and cyprinid cultivation. Addresses threats to the new cultivated species and cover the trade practices in the larger community. Directed at aquaculture by design but also protects the health status of wild and fishery stocks. In preparation for nearly 10 years and was enacted into law through The Animal Health (England and Wales) Regulations 2009
  • 10. New Features Covers fish, molluscan and crustacean health and also includes control in the same directive Risk based approach to monitoring More emphasis on disease prevention rather than control Biosecurity measures plans Disease listing now includes exotic and non-exotic diseases of fish, molluscs and crustaceans Much wider scope of businesses included in the Directive
  • 11. New Features Contingency plans required for all exotic diseases New legislative powers for FHI including: controls on emerging disease FHI responsible for all statutory actions (IDs and CDs) Enforcement notices prior to moving to prosecution Controls on equipment, people and vehicles on infected sites Powers to seize equipment used in illegal activities e.g. fish smuggling.
  • 12. New Requirements Authorisation Authorisation of aquaculture production businesses (APBs) including: Fish, shellfish and crustacean farms dealers importers depuration and dispatch centres and sites processing infected aquaculture animals APBs have conditions of authorisation and enforcement notices can be applied
  • 13. Authorisation of APBs Authorisation will have conditions applied such as: Keeping records in a prescribed format Movement records to include both live and dead fish whether for food or disposal as waste Recording of places visited and mortalities during transport A requirement to notify the FHI in advance of any changes to business practices (e.g. species held) Have an approved biosecurity measures plan Legislation allows removal of authorisation should a business persistently breach conditions
  • 14. Biosecurity measures plans All APBs require an approved biosecurity measures plan Guidance has been provided to relevant industry sectors Including a template for less well informed businesses FHI available to APBs for advice Objective is to improve aquatic animal health status across country FHI striving for a long term improvement in biosecurity
  • 15. Risk Based Surveillance COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2006/88/EC requires that (18) risk-based animal health surveillance should be applied in all [such] farms and mollusc farming areas.
  • 17. MED HIGH HIGH MED HIGH LOW LOW LOW MED
  • 18. Council Directive 2006/88/EC Annex IV: Disease list
  • 20. Health Status of Zones and Compartments Category I Declared disease free Category II Not declared disease free but subject to surveillance programme Category III Not known to be infected but not subject to a surveillance programme Category IV Infected and subject to a control and eradication programme Category V Known to be infected
  • 21. Exotic Diseases: Fish Epizootic ulcerative syndrome Fungal infection Aphanomyces invadans Clinical signs include lesions on the body with fungal hyphae present. Large range of freshwater and estuarine species susceptible Found across S-E Asia, India and more recently Africa Epizootic haemorrhagic necrosis Causative agent a Ranavirus in the family Iridoviridae Clinical signs include haemorrhaging at base of fins and gills, darkening of skin and distended abdomen Virus antigenically and genetically similar to viruses found in amphibia in Europe Disease is endemic to Australia
  • 22. Non-Exotic Diseases: Fish Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) Koi herpesvirus disease (KHV)
  • 23. Non-Exotic Diseases: koi herpesvirus disease Gill Necrosis
  • 24. Shellfish Listed Diseases Exotic Non-exotic Bonamia exitiosa Marteilia refringens Perkinsus marinus Bonamia ostreae Microcytos mackini
  • 25. Shellfish Health Status in England and Wales Whole coast is an Approved Zone for Marteilia We are an Approved Zone for Bonamia, except for 4 Controlled Areas where Bonamia is present We have not identified any other notifiable shellfish diseases
  • 26. Exotic Diseases: Crustacea Taura Syndrome and Yellowhead disease Viral infections of Penaeid shrimp Found throughout the Americas and Asia Exotic to the EU Horizontal and vertical transmission Both cause up to 100% mortality in shrimp farms
  • 27. White Spot Disease (WSD) Viral infection, all decapod crustacea potentially susceptible (marine and freshwater) Causes disease within European water temperature range Currently found in parts of Asia and Americas Unknown official status in Europe Possible global spread via live and frozen animal movements Some 3rd Countries are already requesting proof of disease status for imports Causes up to 100% mortality in shrimp farms
  • 28. National Control Measures Article 43 Article 43 of 2006/88 EC provided provisions for limiting the impact of diseases not listed in the Directive GB has National Control measures under Commission Decision 2004/453/EC for SVC, BKD and G.salaris. National controls on these diseases, which are considered of high importance, will continue under the the new Directive
  • 29. Spring Viraemia of Carp Present throughout much of Europe Largest outbreak in UK occurred in 1988. Since then there have been several smaller sporadic outbreaks Disease does not appear to persist in UK environmental conditions, and so can be controlled by movement restrictions. Source of infection in most cases can be linked to newly introduced fish, often illegally imported.
  • 30. Bacterial Kidney Disease Systemic bacterial infection found in fish of the family Salmonidae in freshwater and seawater Caused by a gram-positive coryneform bacteria Renibacterium salmoninarum Fastidious, slow growing organism, disease development is slow. Widespread distribution Currently no effective licensed treatment or vaccines in Europe
  • 31. Gyrodactylus salaris Difficulty in identification with over 400 species described Problem for wild fish rather than farms. Potentially devastating to wild Atlantic salmon populations Absent from British Isles
  • 32. England & Wales: Fish Health Status 2009 Outbreaks Infected Sites Exotic diseases EUS 0 0 EHN 0 0 Non-exotics ISA 0 0 KHV 10 32 VHS 0 0 IHN 0 0 National G. salaris 0 0 Controls BKD 1 1 SVC 0 1
  • 33. The Future Need to consolidate and embed legislation Ensure approach is proportionate and fit for purpose Improve legislative controls in some areas e.g. emerging diseases Budgetary constraints likely doing more for less Need to work in partnership with stakeholders and other organisations