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surgery coagulation blood loss antibiotics antimicrobial antibiotics abuse mic antibiotics resistance broad spectrum narrow spectrum chemoprophylaxis empirical antibiotics therapy surgical site infection clean surgery clean contaminated acute pancreatitis chronic pancreatitis pseudocyst diathermy radiofrequency electrosurgery electrocautery active electrode dispersive electrode surgical energy electrosurgical unit direct couoling capacitance coupling channeling jaundice bilirubin cholelithiasis gall bladder high voltage electricity burns arc flash current voltage local anesthetic lidocaine procaine bupivacaine arachnoid block spinal anesthesia day case surgery ambulatory surgery hemostasis haemostasis pt apttk traxenamic acid carbonisation toxic goitre thyrotoxicosis thyroidectomy parathyroid gland multiply injured patient polytraumatised patient atls protocol advanced life support protocol trauma score primary survey fracture fractures nonunion femur femoral shaft nonunion atrophic oligotrophic nonunion hypertrophic nonunion perren strain theory bone bone healing pseudoathrosis bone defect exchange nailing vital nonunion avital caramarisation ligasure bipolar monopolar suture stitches clips staples tensile strength absorbable sutures vicryl nylon silk catgut polyamide polyglycolic acid memory needles knotting techniques polyglactin thyroid gland iodine thyroxine thyroid hormone simple goitres bone marrow