CNES Presentation 2015
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"Urartu and its Predecessors: Research on the Early State in the Caucasus", given at the Classical and Near Eastern Studies (CNES) Symposium, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, May 1, 2015. (An earlier version was given at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia on August 3, 2012 sponsored by the American Research Center of the South Caucasus, entitled The Marmarik Archaeology Project Season 1: Survey and Aerial Kite Photography in Kotak, with J. Dudgeon, A. Petrosyan, A. Bobokhyan, Kh. Meliksetian, and H. Chazin).
CNES Presentation 2015
- 3. ≒ The Armenian kingdom was established by the Oron@d Dynasty, ca. 600 BC ≒ Reached its maximum extent under Tigranes the Great (r. 95-66 BC) ≒ Was made a Roman vassal following Pompeys invasion in 66 BC, and became Romes principal ally in Asia Minor Maximum extent of the kingdom of Armenia Background: Mount Ararat from the east (2009). Armenian Kingdom Coin of Tigranes I British Museum
- 4. Inscribed Argishti Metropolitan Museum Aerial view of Erebuni fortress Inscription of Argishti Erebuni Museum Urartu ≒ 9th-6th centuries BC ≒ Erebuni founded in 782 BC by Argish@ ≒ in 1st historically recorded state in the Caucasus i Before Armenia - Urartu Erebuni
- 6. Urartu Van (Tushpa), eastern Turkey Van fortress, Turkey Urar@an ar@facts from the Van area Erebuni Van (Tushpa)
- 7. Urartu Erebuni, western Armenia Erebuni Van
- 8. ≒ Archipelagic centers of authority on elevated plains ≒ Poli@cal culture predicated on violence and military heroics of the king ≒ Centers on margins of plains for surveillance of large plots of arable land ≒ Mul@ple for@鍖ed centers situated nearby in an integrated governing network ≒ Authority exercised from centers that gathered poli@cal, economic, and religious ins@tu@ons in a compact, coherent built environment Urartu Neo-Assyrians Urartu (yellow) in 715-713 BC, during the reign of Rusa I. Urartian political authority (Smith and Thompson 2004) Helmet and detail from Teishebaini (Karmir Blur, Armenia) with royal inscrip@on of Sarduri II (ca. 685-645 BC) dedica@ng it to the war god Khaldi.
- 9. ≒ 400 hectares, LBA II-EIA I, 13th-9th cen BC ≒ Salvage of 160 burials 1987-89 (unpublished) ≒ American-Armenia investigations 1990-1993 Site Plan R. Badaljan et al., Archaeological Investigations at Horom in the Shirak Plain in North- West Armenian, 1990. Iran 30: 31-48, 1993 T1 T2 Burial plans R. Badaljan et al. Preliminary Report on the 1992 Excavations at Horom, Armenia. Iran 31: 1-24, 1993 Horom, Shirak Plain, western Armenia Horom Ar@k Gegharot Lori Berd Erebuni Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age centers and necropolis sites in present-day Armenia, in relation to Erebuni. Aghavnadzor Metsamor
- 10. Samples ≒ 50, copper and bronze Implements: banding, wire, a dagger, and 22 arrowheads ≒ Ornaments: clothing plaques, rings, pins, hammered shee@ng, pommels, and pendants ≒ Set in metallographic epoxy, ground and polished Sample Heterogeneity Horom: Analysis of Copper and Bronze Artifacts ≒ Analysis with 5 cer@鍖ed copper and bronze standards (B10, B12, 51.13-4, 71.32-4, SRM-494) Laser Abla@on ICP-MS EDS element maps ≒ Phasing in @n bronzes ≒ 500 micrometer raster pagern selected for abla@on
- 11. ≒ Antimony (Sb) was part of the bronze technology ≒ Association between color and artifact category/function Implements Cu+As (silvery color) Ornaments light colored, complex alloys (Sb) ≒ Comparison with arc optical emission spectroscopy (OES) Results
- 12. Tsaghahovit Plain, northern Armenia Project ArAGATS, directed by Ruben Badalyan, Adam T. Smith, Lori Khatchadourian, Ian Lindsay Map A. Smith, R. Badalyan & Pavel Avetisyan, The Archaeology and Geography of Ancient Transcaucasian States, v. 1, University of Chicago Oriental Institute, 2009
- 13. Gegharot ≒ 11 Late Bronze-Early Iron Age (pre-Urartian) fortresses mapped in the Tsaghahovit Plain ≒ Intensive excavations at Gegharot (Urartian, pre- Urartian, Early Bronze Age levels) Shrine (western terrace) 'CE/-"1" " ≒ 2 Mitannian seals recovered from LBA levels in 2006 (15th-14th century BC)Gegharot fortress Project ArAGATS Map A. Smith, R. Badalyan & Pavel Avetisyan, The Archaeology and Geography of Ancient Transcaucasian States, v. 1, University of Chicago Oriental Institute, 2009
- 15. Aghavnadzor, Marmarik Valley, Armenia Citadel Cromlech cemetery Hankavan mine Aghavnadzor
- 16. Aghavnadzor
- 17. Aghavnadzor
- 18. Aghavnadzor
- 19. Aghavnadzor
- 20. Armenia and Karabagh 2009-2012 Geoarchaeological research ≒ 200 ore samples from 55 areas in 14 mine deposits, chemical and Pb isotope analysis Reconnaissance and evalua@on of archaeological sites for con@nuing research ≒ Drmbon, Navzran, Drjahovit, Hankavan, Fioletovo, Margahovit, Koghb
- 21. Early southern Caucasian political tradition (Smith and Thompson) ≒ Mul@-centered (mul@-regional?) polity situated on elevated plains ≒ Poli@cal culture predicated on violence and military heroics of the king ≒ Centers on margins of plains for surveillance of large plots of arable land ≒ Mul@ple for@鍖ed centers situated nearby in an integrated governing network ≒ Authority exercised from centers that gathered poli@cal, economic, and religious ins@tu@ons in a compact, coherent built environment ≒ Poli@cal control over subject popula@ons and economic produc@on was thrust outwards from the fortress centres through a broader re-ordering of the landscape focused on the construc@on of large-scale irriga@on networks and military outposts.
- 22. ! Period! Approximate!Dates!BCE! Iron!I! Iron!Ib! 10008800! Iron!Ia! 115081000! Late!Bronze!Age! LB!III! 130081150! LB!II! 140081300! LB!I! 150081400! Middle!Bronze!Age! 240081500! Early!Bronze!Age! 350082400!
- 23. Lchashen kurgan wagon burial, 15th century BC Lchashen
- 24. Karashamb necropolis, 15th-14th centuries BC Karashamb
- 27. ≒ Horom ≒ Kohl 2008, online photos? ≒ Triale@ - Karashamb Karashamb goblet, ca. 23rd-21st century BC P. Kohl, The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia, Cambridge University Press, 2007
- 29. Meghradzor, Marmarik Valley, Armenia Meghradzor Shengavit
- 30. ≒ Old working Hankavan, Marmarik Valley, Armenia Hankavan
- 31. Areni Areni I, southern Armenia Lead isotope source analysis of copper ores and artifacts
- 32. Funding Agencies 族American Councils for International Education / National Councils for Eurasian and East European Research 族US National Endowment for the Humanities 族Office of Research, Faculty Research Committee and Humanities and Social Sciences Research Committee, Idaho State University 族College of Arts and Letters, Idaho State University Research Centers / Institutes 族Institute of Geological Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Armenia 族Institute for Archaeology and Ethnography, National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Armenia 族Center for Archaeology, Materials and Applied Spectroscopy, Idaho State University Thank You!