Paraquat
- 1. 犧犧死犧犧迦犧犧謹犧犧迦犧犧劇犧犧犧犧死犧 犧犧園犧犧萎坤犧迦犧犧犧 犧犧迦犹犧犹犧∇魂犧犹犧迦昆犹犧準魂 犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犹犹犧犧犧犧巌犧о佐犧犧 The Chemical Hazardous The Herbicide, Paraquat Present by Damrong PHOMDOUANGSY Provincial Office Senior Environmental Advisers/under subcontracts with Grontmij/Carl Bro/Prime Minister Office SEM II/SIDA 2010
- 2. CHEST is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has been published monthly since 1935. Copyright 息has been published monthly since 1935. Copyright 2007 by the American College of Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook IL 60062. All rights reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. (http://www.chestjournal.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml) ISSN:0012-3692 犧犧死犧犧迦犧о佐犹犧, 犧犧 1996 犹犧ム紺 2005 犧犧 2009 (1) Department of Forensic Medicine, Kagawa Medical School, 1750- 1, Ikenobe, Miki, 761-07 Kita, Kagawa, Japan (2) Department of Anesthesiology and Emergency Medicine, Kagawa Medical School, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, 761-07 Kita, Kagawa, Japan Research Team Member: Kiyoshi Ameno , Chiaki Fuke, Youichi Shirakawa, Shinji Ogura, Setsuko Ameno, Takahiro Kiriu, Hiroshi Kinoshita and Iwao Ijiri.
- 3. 犧犧迦犧犧謹犧犧迦犧死犧犹犧迦犧犧犧犧∇魂犧犹犧迦昆犹犧準魂 犧犧迦犧犧萎犧巌 犧犧朽犧犧死犧犧萎犧準 犹犧ム紺 犧犹犹犧犧死犧犧萎犧準犧犧朽 犧犧死此犧犧項犧犧園, 犧犧萎犧о犧犧萎昏犧巌犹犧 犹犧犧犧萎犧伍犧園 犧犧劇犧犧迦此犧園 % 犧犧迦犧犧犧犧ム佐犧 犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犹犧 犧犧萎犧犧犧犹犧迦犧犹 犧犧項犧犹犧迦犧犧死犧 犧犧萎犧犧 犧о艮犧犧犧犧 犧犧萎犧準 犹犧ム犧犧朽 犧о艮犧犹犧死 犧犹犧迦犧死 Common Name a.l content (%) Trade name Type of application Importer Country Date of issue Registration No Data of Expiry Glyphosate 41% W/W Lyphoxim 41 SL, Roud up Mosanto Rodeo Pond master 犧犹犧迦昆犹犧準魂 Herbicide Saigon Plant Protection Ltd 犧犧о砂犧犧犧迦此 7/12/2007 00026P/犧犧犧 25/5/200 9 Paraquat Dichloride 276 g/l Pesle 276SL 犧犹犧迦昆犹犧準魂 Herbicide Saigon Pesticide Co 犧犧о砂犧犧犧迦此 5/7/2006 00054P/犧犧犧 4/7/2008 Atrazine 犧犹犧迦昆犹犧準魂 Herbicide
- 5. Appearance Colorless, hygroscopic crystals (pure). Physical and chemical properties Chemical Name (1,1-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridium ion) dichloride anion Empirical Formula C12H14Cl2N2 Molecular Weight 257.2 Structural Formula Melting point Decomposes at 300属C Solubility In water 700 g/l (20属C). Practically insoluble in most other organic solvents. Paraquat Dichloride
- 6. Paraquat 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 What paraquat is. 犧犧迦今犧萎犧犧 犹犧÷犧犧犧園砂犧? Paraquat is a toxic chemical that is widely used as an herbicide (plant killer), primarily for weed and grass control. And toxic to the human. 犧犧迦今犧萎犧犧 犹犧÷犧犧犧迦犹犧犧÷叉犧犧朽犹犧犧園犧犧巌 犹犧ム紺犧÷叉犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犹犧∇犧迦犧犧о犧迦犧犧о魂犧 犹犧犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧園 犧о艮犧犧犧萎犧謹 (犧犹犧迦犧謹) 犧犧死犧犧犹犹犧÷犧犧犹犧迦犧園犧о艮犧犧犧萎犧謹犹犧ム紺 犧犹犧準魂. 犹犧犧園犧犧巌犧犹犹犧÷紺犧犧伍 In the United States, paraquat is available primarily as a liquid in various strengths. It is classified as restricted use, which means that it can be used only by people who are licensed applicators. 犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧萎犧園 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犧÷叉犧ム艮犧犧犧萎犧萎犧犧園犧犹犹犧 犧÷叉犧犧о魂犧÷犧犧園犧迦犧死犧犧犧項 犧犧萎犧園犧犹犧 犧犧萎昆犧萎坤犧園 犧犧謹犧犹犧犹犧犧園犧∇差犹犹犧犧犧萎犧犧 犧犧о犧犧伍犧÷犧犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犹 , 犧犧朽犹犧迦犧犧о魂犧÷婚犹犧 犧犧項犹 犧犧朽犧÷叉犹犧 犧犧萎犧伍犧迦 犧犧酌嵯 犧犧萎犧準 犧犹犧迦犧犹犹犧犧死犧迦犧園犧 犧犧劇犧犧犧萎犧伍犧迦犹犧犹犹犧犹. Because paraquat is highly poisonous, the form of it that is marketed in the United States has a blue dye to keep it from being confused with beverages such as coffee, a sharp odor to serve as a warning, and an added agent to cause vomiting if someone drinks it. Paraquat from outside the United States may not have these safeguards added. 犧犹犧犧犧о犧 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犹犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧巌犧犧朽犧犹犧迦犹犧犧 犧犧項犧犧迦犧犧萎昆犧酌魂犧犹犧犧犧萎昆犧萎坤犧園 犧犧劇犧犹犧犹犹犧犹犹犧犧劇犧犧犹犧迦 犧犧迦昏犧朽犹犧 犹犧犧劇犧犧犧酌叉犧犧ム犧準犧犹犹犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧死 犧犧園犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧萎犧園 犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧劇此犧犧劇犧犹 犹犧犹犧: 犧犧迦犧, 犹犧犧劇犧犧犹犧迦犧犧迦犧犧朽 犧÷叉犧犧巌犧犹犧犧 犹犧ム紺犹犧犧劇犧犧犹犧迦犧犧迦犹犧犧劇犧. 犹犧犹犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧萎犧園 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犹犧犧犧犧犧犧犧犹犧犧犧犧萎昆犧萎坤犧園 犧犧迦犧犹犹犧÷叉犧犧萎昆犧酌魂犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犹犧迦犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚 犹犧犧劇犧犹犧犧劇梱犧犧犧о魂犧÷犧犧犹犧
- 8. Where paraquat is found and how it is used 犧犧о魂犧÷犧犧園犧÷魂犧犧犧犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犹犧ム紺犹犧犹犹犧犧о犧? Paraquat was first produced for commercial purposes in 1961. 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧劇犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犧伍犧犧萎昏犧死犧犧迦犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犧犧 1961 Worldwide, paraquat is still one of the most commonly used herbicides. 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧犹犧犧園犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧萎犧園犧∇魂犧犹犧迦昆犹犧準魂 犧犧朽犧犧劇犧犹犧迦犧犹犧犧酌魂犧犹犧 犧犹犧迦犧÷魂. In the United States, due to its toxicity, paraquat is available for use only by commercially licensed users. 犹犧犹犹犧犧犧萎昆犧萎坤犧園 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧犹犧犧園犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧萎犧園犧犧朽犹犧犹犧犧萎犧犧迦紺 犧犧項犧犧朽犧÷叉 犹犧犧犧萎犧伍犧迦 犹犧犧死犧迦犧園犧 犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧迦犧о犧迦犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧巌犧犧朽犧犧伍犹犧犧犧犧朽犧犧伍 犹犧犧犧犧朽犧犧伍.
- 9. How you could be exposed to paraquat The most likely route of exposure to paraquat that would lead to poisoning is ingestion (swallowing). 犧犧項犧犧朽犹犧犹犧犧園犧犧巌犧犧迦 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犧犧謹犧犧犧迦犧犹犹犧犧朽犹犧犧劇犧 犧犹犧о犧犧酌魂犧犹犧÷犧犧犧迦犧ム紺犧犧死犧犹犧準梱犧 犧犧迦昆犧迦 犧犧酌嵯 犧犧劇犧ム沙犧犹犧. Paraquat can be easily mixed with food, water, or other beverages. If the form of paraquat that is used is the form that does not contain the safeguard additives (dye, odor, and vomiting agent), people might not know that the food, water, or other beverages are contaminated. Eating or drinking paraquat-contaminated food or beverages could poison people. 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犧犹犧迦犧犹犹犧犧迦犹犧犧劇梱犧犧犧迦 犹犧犧犧迦昆犧迦, 犧犹犹犧 犧犧酌嵯 犧犧萎犧犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧劇犧. 犧犹犧迦犧犧劇犧犧犹犧迦 犧犧犧犧犹犧犧犧犧園犧犧 犧犹犹犧÷叉犧犧項犧犧萎昆犧酌魂犧 犹犧犹犧犹犧犧朽犧犧о魂犧÷犧犧犹犧 (犧犧, 犧犧巌犧 犹犧ム紺犹犧犧朽犧犧迦犧迦犧犧迦). 犧犧項犧犹犧ム佐犹犧犧犧犧迦犧犹犹犧犧項犹犧犹犧о犧 犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧劇犧÷犧園犧犹 犧÷叉犧犧迦犹犧犧劇犧犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧犧犧萎昏犧死此犧∇差犹. 犧犧迦犧犧朽, 犧犧劇犧 犧犧迦昆犧迦犧犧朽犧÷叉犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧犧犧萎昏犧死此犧∇差犹犧犧迦此犧迦犹犧犧園犹犧犹犹犧犧劇犧犹犧÷沙犧迦頃犹犧迦犧犹犧迦犹犧犧. Paraquat poisoning is also possible after skin exposure. Poisoning is more likely to occur if the skin exposure lasts for a long time, involves a concentrated version of paraquat, or occurs through skin that is not intact (skin that has sores, cuts, or a severe rash). 犧犧巌婚犹犧園犧犧朽犧犹犹犹犧犹犧÷叉犧犧迦犧犹犧犧犧犧園 犧犧酌嵯犧犧巌婚犹犧園犧犧朽犹犧犹犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧巌 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犧犧萎犧犧朽犧犧迦犧犧迦犧迦 犧犧о 犹犧犧 犧犹犧犧 犹犧ム紺 犹犧犧劇梱犹犧. If it is inhaled, paraquat could cause poisoning leading to lung damage. 犧犹犧迦昆犧迦 犧犧項犧犧死此犧犧 犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犧犧萎犧犧朽犧犧迦犧迦犹犧犧劇犧犹犧÷沙犧 犹犧ム紺犧犧犧犧犧劇犧犹犧迦坤犧迦 Licensed applicators of paraquat are the people most at risk for exposure. 犧犧項犧÷叉犧犧о魂犧÷昏犹犧準犧犹犹犧犧迦犹犧犹犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犹犧÷犧犧犧項犧犧朽犧÷叉犹犧犧犧萎犧伍犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犹犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚犧犧朽
- 10. How paraquat works 犧犧迦犧犧犧犧ム佐犧犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 The extent of poisoning caused by paraquat depends on the amount, route, and duration of exposure and the persons condition of health at the time of the exposure. 犧犧項犧犧劇犹犧犧劇犧犹犧÷沙犧迦犧迦犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犹犧園 犧犧酌嵯犹犧犧死犧 犧犧劇犧犧犹犧迦犧萎坤犧巌此犧迦 犧犧迦犹犧犧朽 犹犧ム紺犹犧ム犧萎犧朽犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚 犹犧ム紺犧犧劇犧犧犧園犧犧伍犧犧萎犧迦犧犧犧犧犧項犧犹犧о Paraquat causes direct damage when it comes into contact with the lining of the mouth, stomach, or intestines. 犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犧犹犧迦坤犧迦犧犧萎婚犧園犧萎婚犧萎犧犧犧犧死 犹犧÷嵯犹犧犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚 犹犧犧園犧: 犧犧朽此犧犧死, 犧犧萎犧犧迦紺犧犧迦昆犧迦 犧犧酌嵯 犧ム犧迦犧犹 犧÷叉犧犧迦犧犹犧犧 犹犧犧(犹犹犹). After paraquat enters the body, it is distributed to all areas of the body. Toxic chemical reactions occur throughout many parts of the body, primarily the lungs, liver, and kidneys. 犧犧迦犧犧酌艮犧犧犧迦 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犹犧犧死犧迦昏犧項犧犹犧迦犧犧迦犹犧ム犧 犧犧萎犧萎犧迦犹犧犧犧項犧犧伍 犧犧迦犧犹犧о犧犧犧犧犹犧迦犧犧迦. 犧犧迦犧犧巌犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚犧犧萎此犧朽犧萎犧巌犧巌坤犧巌犧 犧犹犹犧犧酌魂犧 犧犧迦犧犹犧о犧犧萎婚犧園犧犧萎婚犧, 犧犧死犧犧犹犹犧÷犧 犧犧犧, 犧犧園 犹犧ム紺犹犧迦犹犧犹犧犧酌艮犧.
- 11. Immediate signs and symptoms of paraquat exposure 犧犧迦犧迦犧犧萎犧犧犧犧園犧犧 犧犧園犹犧 犹犧÷嵯犹犧犧犹犧迦犧犧迦犹犧犹犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 After a person ingests a large amount of paraquat, he or she is likely to immediately have pain and swelling of the mouth and throat. The next signs of illness following ingestion are gastrointestinal (digestive tract) symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (which may become bloody). 犧犧項犧犧朽犧犹犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧巌犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧犹犧犧死犧迦犧犹犧犧犹犧迦犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧о犧犧酌魂犧, 犧犧萎犧犧巌犧犧迦犧迦 犧犧о 犧犧迦 犹犧ム紺犧ム犧迦犹犹犧犧о此. 犧犹犹犧÷魂犧犧萎此犧朽梱犧迦犧迦犧犧迦犹犧 犧犧萎犧犧迦紺犧ム犧迦犧犹 犧犧萎犧犧 犧犧迦犧迦 犧о佐犧犧о砂犧,犧犧迦犧準, 犧犧о犧犹犧犧犧犹犧犧 犹犧ム紺犧犹犧犧犹犧犧園砂. Severe dehydration symptoms may result in dehydration (not enough fluids in the body), electrolyte fluids (not enough sodium and potassium in the body), and low blood pressure. 犹犧犧朽犧÷叉犧犧迦犧迦犧犧迦犧犹犹犧迦混犧伍犹犧犧 犧犧萎犧犧о梱犧犧 犧犧迦犧犧迦犹犧犧酌婚犹犧犧犹犧迦犧犧迦, 犧犧迦 犧犧迦 sodium and potassium 犹犧犧犹犧迦犧犧迦 犹犧ム紺犧÷叉犧犧о魂犧÷犧園犹犧ム嵯犧犧犧犹犹犧.
- 12. Ingestion of small to medium amounts of paraquat may lead to development of the following adverse health effects within several days to several weeks: 犹犧犧犹犧ム紺犧犧 犧犧項犧犹犧о犧犧朽犹犧犹犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧巌犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犹犧犧犧萎坤犧巌此犧迦犹犹犧犧 犧犧 犧犧迦犧犧迦 犧犧迦犧犧迦犧犧朽犧犧迦犧迦犧犹犧о犧犧朽犧犧迦此犧÷魂犹犧犧犧酌魂犧 犧÷嵯犹 犧犧酌嵯 犧犧迦犧巌: Liver failure 犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧迦犧犧犧犧犧園犧ム沙犹犧÷犧犧酌婚 Kidney failure 犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧迦犧犧犧犹犧迦犹犧犹犧犧酌艮犧犧ム沙犹犧÷犧犧酌婚 Heart failure 犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧迦犧犧犧犧犧死婚犹犧犧ム沙犹犧÷犧犧酌婚 Lung scarring (may evolve over several weeks) 犧ム紺犧犧死 犧犧迦犹犧 犧犧朽犧犧迦 犹犧犧園砂犧犧迦
- 13. 犧犧萎犧о犧萎婚犧萎犧迦犹犧 犹犧÷嵯犹犧犧犧劇犧犧迦 犧犧巌犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 Liver failure 犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧迦犧犧犧犧犧園犧ム沙犹犧÷犧犧酌婚 Heart failure 犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧迦犧犧犧犧犧死婚犹犧犧ム沙犹犧÷犧犧酌婚
- 14. 犧ム紺犧犧死犹犧犹犧犧酌艮犧 Kidney Kidney failure 犧犧迦犧迦犹犧犹犧犧酌艮犧犧ム沙犹犧÷犧犧酌婚 犧犧朽犧犧犹犧÷犧犹犧犧園犧犹犧ム嵯犧犧犹犧犧/犹犧犧酌嵯犧犧犧犹犹犧犧死犧犧∇犧準婚
- 15. 犧ム紺犧犧死犧犧迦犹犧 犹犧犧園砂犧犧迦 Lung damage 犧ム紺犧犧死犧犧迦犹犧犧ム沙犹犧÷犧犧酌婚 Respiratory (breathing) failure 犧犧犧犧犧劇犧犹犧迦坤犧迦 犧犧酌艮犧犧犧迦犧犹犧о犹犧犹 3 犧о艮犧 (Elastica-Goldner stain, original magnification x 32).
- 16. In general, ingestion of large amounts of paraquat leads to the following signs/symptoms within a few hours to a few days: 犹犧犧犧犧死犧о犧, 犹犧犧犹犧ム紺犧犧項犧犹犧о犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧犧犧萎坤犧巌此犧迦犧犧項犧犧迦犧犹犹犧犧朽犧犧迦犧迦犧犧迦此犧÷魂犹犧 1- 2 犧犧死犧о犧÷ 犧犧 1-2 犧о艮犧: Pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) 犧犧迦犧迦犧犹犹犧迦犹犧о此犧犧犧 Lung scarring (evolves more quickly than when small to medium amounts have been ingested) 犧ム紺犧犧死犧犧迦犹犧 (犧犧犧) 犧犧朽犧犧迦 犹犧о犹犧迦婚犧犧項犹犧犹犧犧園犧ム紺犧犧園犹犹犧犧 - 犧犧迦 Liver failure 犧÷叉犧犧迦犧迦犧犧園犧ム沙犹犧÷犧犧酌婚 Kidney failure 犧÷叉犧犧迦犧迦犹犧犹犧犧酌艮犧犧ム沙犹犧÷犧犧酌婚 Confusion 犧÷叉犧犧迦犧迦犧犧園犧犧死 Coma 犧犧萎坤犧死 Seizures 犹犧犧園犧ム沙犧 Injury to the heart 犧÷叉犧犧迦犧迦犹犧犧園犧犧死婚 Fast heart rate 犧犧死婚犹犧犹犧犧園犧犹犧о犧о犧迦犧死犧犧萎犧 Muscle weakness 犧犹犧迦此犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犹犧犹犧犧園砂 Respiratory (breathing) failure, possibly leading to death 犧ム紺犧犧死犧犧迦犹犧犧ム沙犹犧÷犧犧酌婚 犧犧迦犹犧犧朽犧犧迦 Showing these signs and symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has been exposed to paraquat. 犧犧迦犧迦犧犧萎犧犧犧犧犧犧犹犧迦犹犧犧朽犧犧朽 犧犹犹犧犹犧迦犧犧迦紺犹犧犹犧犧劇犧犧死犧犧萎犧死犧犧迦 犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧犹犧犧死犧迦犧園犧 犧犧迦犧迦犧犧劇犧犹 犧犹犹犧犧迦此犧迦犹犧犧朽犧犧劇犧犹犧犹
- 17. Anatomy 犧ム紺犧犧死犧犧迦犧о叉犧犧迦 犧ム紺犧犧死犧犹犧迦此犹犧犧劇犧犧犹犧犧犹犧犧園砂 Muscle weakness 犧犧迦犧迦 犧犧萎昏犧迦犧犧園犧犧死 Nervous confusion
- 18. Anatomy 犧ム紺犧犧死犧犧迦犧о叉犧犧迦 犧ム紺犧犧死犧ム紺犧ム魂犧 Digestive 犧ム紺犧犧死犧犹犧犧/犧÷梱犧幡犧÷掘稼糸看界姻庄稼艶
- 19. 犧犧迦婚犧犧о犹犧÷犹犧犹犹犧迦 犧犧迦犧 69 犧犧 犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧犹犧犧園犧÷犧死犧 20% 犧犧死犧犹犧犧死犧迦犧 犧犧園犧犧犧犧犹犧迦 A 69 year old fruit farmer splashed a 20% solution of paraquat into both his eyes. The ocular surface toxicity ofparaquat 犧犧迦犧犧劇犧犧犧犧о魂 犧犧酌艮犧犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犧巌 Right eye at presentation 犧犧迦犧犧劇犧犧犧犧迦 犧犧酌艮犧犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犧巌 Left eye at presentation.
- 20. 犧犧迦犧死犹犧犧園 6 犹犧犧劇梱犧犧犹犹犧÷魂 Eye 6 months after injury Right eye 6 months after injury 犧犧迦犧犧劇犧犧犧犧о魂 犧犧酌艮犧犧犧迦 6 犹犧犧劇梱犧犧犹犹犧÷魂. Left eye 6 months after injury 犧犧迦犧犧劇犧犧犧犹犧迦 犧犧酌艮犧犧犧迦 6 犹犧犧劇梱犧犧犹犹犧÷魂
- 21. Paraquat June 18, 2008 Example of severe injury on buttocks of recent violence victim. 犧犧迦犹犧犧犧迦昆犧園犧犧朽犧犧萎犧犧 犧犧迦犧犧迦 犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犧巌 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犧犧項犧犧迦犹犧犧園犧犧迦 犧犧迦犧犧朽 犧犧迦犧犧迦混犧迦犧犧 犹犧犹犧犧朽犧犧 犹犧犧 (犧犧死犧) 犧犧朽犧犧萎犧犧 Zimbabwe.
- 22. Report written by Richard Isenring (MSc, Switzerland) Edited by John Madeley Berne Declaration, Quellenstrasse 25, P.O.Box, CH-8031 Z端rich Switzerland Phone: +41 44 277 70 00, Email: food@evb.ch, Web: www.evb.ch PAN UK, Pesticide Action Network UK, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London EC2A 4JX, UK Phone: +44 (0)20 7065 0905, Email: admin@pan-uk.org, Web: www.pan-uk.org PAN Asia and the Pacific, P.O.Box 1170, 10850 Penang, Malaysia Phone: (60-4)656 0381/657 0271, Email: panap@panap.net, Web:www.panap.net Richard Isenring 犧犧項犧犧死犧犧犧死犧 犧犧死犧犹犧迦犧犧犧犧犧迦 犧犧迦混犧迦犧犧 犧犹犧迦犧犧死 犧о佐犧犧萎犧迦犧巌犧死 犧ム紺犧犧園 犧犧酌紺犧ム佐犧犧迦犧, 犧犧萎犧犧犧犧萎婚犧巌犧犧朽犧ム
- 23. 犧犧萎犧死犧犧迦 犧犧萎犧死犧犹犹 犧犧園犧犹犧 犹犧ム紺犧犧巌犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧 Implications for wildlife and the environment There is growing evidence that paraquat has chronic effects on the brain. In Taiwan the risk of Parkinson's disease among farmers was greater for subjects who had used paraquat and other herbicides/pesticides than those who had used herbicides/pesticides other than paraquat (Liou et al 1997). Another study found paraquat exposure was associated with Parkinson's Hertzmann et al 1990). 犧犧酌魂犧犹犧犧酌艮犧犧犧迦 犹犧犹犧犧萎犧死犹犧犹犹犧犧園犹犧犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犹犧犧迦 犧犧迦混犧迦犹犧犧 犧犧朽犧÷叉犧犧死 犧犧萎犧死犹犧犧朽犧犧萎犧犧. 犧ム魂犧 犧犧迦犧犧迦犧犧死犧犧犧死犧о犧犧 Liou et al 1997 犹犧犹犧犹犧犹犧犧迦犧о犧 犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犹 犧犧迦犧犧迦混犧迦犧朽犧犧 犹犧ム紺犧犧迦犹犧犧÷叉 犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧項犧劇犧犧劇犧犹 犧÷叉犧犧о魂犧÷昏犹犧準犧犧項 犹犧犧犧迦犹犧犧朽 犧犧萎犧迦 犧犧園 犧犧萎犧伍 犧犧酌嵯 Parkinson's disease 犹犧犹犧項 犧犧萎犧犧犧犧萎犧犧犧犧迦婚犹犧犹犧犧о艮犧. 犹犧ム紺犹犧犧犧酌魂犧犧犧死犧犧迦犧犧謹犧犧 犧犧死犧о犧 犧犧迦犧犹犧朽今犧迦犹犧犧 犹犧犧園犧犧死犧犹犧犧 犹犧犧朽 犧犧萎犧迦 Parkinson's Hertzmann et al 1990. The half-life of paraquat in soil has been determined as 6.6 years (Hance et al 1980). Depending on site conditions, degradation may proceed more rapidly or more slowly. Half- life in fields ranged up to 13 years (USDA 1995). 犧ム魂犧犧犧迦犧犧死犧犧迦犧о佐犹犧犧犧犧 Hance et al 1980 犹犧犹犧犧迦犧о犧 犹犧犧巌犧犧犧朽婚犧巌犧犧犧 犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧迦犹犧犧 犧犧迦此犧迦 犧犧死犧犹犧迦犹犧犧犧朽犹犧犹 犹犧犧朽 犧∇犧迦犹犹犧犧 6.6 犧犧. 犧犧迦犧ム魂犧犧犧迦 犧犧犧 USDA 1995 犧犧劇犧犧犧園犹犧犧劇犧犧犹犧 犹犧ム紺 犧犧萎犧迦犧犧犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犧朽 犧犧萎坤犧迦犹犧о昆犧酌嵯犧犹犧, 犹犧犹犧犹犧迦犧犧園犧犧朽犧犧犧犹犧犧酌犧 犹犧犧巌犧犧犧巌婚犧巌犧犧犧犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧迦犹犧犧犧犧萎犧死 犧犹犧迦犧犧項犹犧犧朽 13 犧犧. The herbicides paraquat, 2,4-D, acetochlor, alachlor and diuron are classified as red. These herbicides have to be substituted within a period of 3 to 5 years. The recommendations state explicitly that paraquat should be banned as soon as possible 犧犧園犧犧 犧∇魂犧犹犧迦昆犹犧準魂 犧犧迦今犧迦犹犧犧, 2,4-D, acetochlor, alachlor and diuron 犧犧園犧∇差犹犹犧犧犧萎犧犧犧犧園犧犧 犧ム魂犧犹犧迦犹犧犧. 犧犧園犧犧迦昏犧迦犹犧犧÷叉犧犧萎犧犧犧犧朽犧犧迦此犧迦犧犧死犧犹犧迦犹犧犧犧朽犹犧犹 犹犧犹 3-5 犧犧. 犧犹犧迦犧犧園犧犧犧 USDA 犹犧犹犧犹犧迦犧巌犧迦犹犧犹犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧迦犹犧犧犧∇犧迦犧犧伍犹犧犧 犹犧ム紺犹犧犧萎犹犧迦犧犹犧犧伍犧犧巌犹犧迦犧犹.
- 24. 犧犧о魂犧÷昏犹犧準犧犹犹 犧犧迦犧犧項犹犧犧園砂 犧犧劇犧犧迦昏犧迦, 犧犧園犧犹犧 犹犧ム紺 犧犧伍坤犧巌犧犧朽犧犧犧朽 Risks to vegetation, wildlife and soil micro-organisms The hazards of paraquat to the environment are rated in the EU as follows: 犧犧萎昆犧萎犧園 犧∇差犹犧犧 犹犧犹犧犧園犹犧犹犧 犧犧園犧犧о魂犧÷犧犧園犧犧園犧犧萎坤犧迦犧犧犧犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧 犧犧о 犧犹犹犧犧巌犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧 犧犧園犧犧犹犹犹犧犧犧朽: dangerous for the environment; 犹犧犧園犧犧園犧犧萎坤犧迦犧犧朽犧犧伍犧犹犹犧犧巌犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧 very toxic to aquatic organisms; 犹犧犧園犧÷沙犧犧ム紺犧犧巌犧犹犧迦犹犧犧犧犧朽犧犧伍犧犹犹犧犧劇 犹犧ム紺犧犧巌犧犧÷叉犧犧朽婚犧巌犹犧犧犹犹犧 may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. (EC 2004). (Report on page 57) 犧犧死犧犧犧死犧犧萎犹犧犧 犧犧朽犧犹犧迦犹犧犧 犹犧犹犧ム犧萎犧迦婚犧犹犹犧犧巌犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧÷犧犧犧犧劇 犹犧ム紺 犧犧園犧犹犹犧 (犧犧死犧ム魂犧犧犧迦 EC 2004, 犹犹犧 57)
- 25. Paraquat The European Union approved the use of Paraquat in 2004. Sweden, supported by Denmark, Austria, and Finland, brought the European Union commission to court to challenge the approval. In July, 2007, the court annulled the directive authorising the use of Paraquat as an active plant protection substance. 犹犧犧犧 2004 犧犧萎昆犧萎犧園 犧∇差犹犧ム 犹犧犹 犧∇艮犹犧犧∇嵯犧犹犧犹犹犧犹 犧犧迦 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧, 犹犧犹犧÷魂犧犧犧 犧犧萎犧犧 犧犧萎婚犧朽犧犧 犹犧犧犹犧犧 犧犧萎犧萎犹犧迦此犧萎犧迦犧犧萎昆犧萎犧園犧∇差犹犹犧ム 犹犧犧劇犧犧∇艮犧犧∇艮犹犧犧犧迦犹犧犹犧犧迦犹犧犧÷叉犧犧園犧 犹犧ム紺犧犧犧 犧犧 犧犹犧ム紺犧犧死 2007 犧犧迦犹犧犹犧犧園犧犧朽 犧ム沙犧犧ム犧迦犧犧迦犹犧犹犧犧迦 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犹犧犧犧犧劇犧о犧迦犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧巌犧犧朽犧犧伍犹犧犧 犹犧ム紺 犧犹犧迦坤犧迦犧犧謹犧犧. Statistics show that 93 percent of fatalities from Paraquat poisoning worldwide are cases of intentional self-administration; that is suicides. The pesticide is regarded as a major suicide agent in Third World countries. 犧犧迦犧犧萎犧巌犧 犧犧萎犧犧犹犧犹犹犧犧園犧о犧 93% 犧犧犧犧犧迦犧犧劇犧犧迦犹犧犧劇犧, 犧犹犧迦犧犧犧迦 犹犧÷犧犹犧犹犧犧迦犧犧迦今犧 犧犧犧. 犹犧犹犧ム犧犧朽 犧犧迦此 犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧死婚犧犧迦 犧犹犧о犧犧酌魂犧犹犧÷犧犹犧犹犧∇魂犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧項犧劇. Paraquat has, however, been banned in 13 countries including Sweden, Norway, Finland, and the UK. Its use is highly restricted in the United States due to its acute oral toxicity and ill-health associated with its operations particularly on the farms and plantations. It is, however, widely used in developing countries, including Zimbabwe. 犹犧犧朽犧∇犧迦犹犧犧犹犧犧迦此犧÷叉 13 犧犧萎犧犧 犧犹犧迦此犧犹犧迦犧犹犧犧迦 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犹犧犧犧園犧犧÷叉 Sweden, Norway, Finland, and the UK. 犹犧犧犧萎昆犧萎坤犧園 犧÷叉犧犹犹犧犹犧迦犧園犧犧朽魂犧犧伍 犹犧犧犧迦犹犧犹犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚, 犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧迦犧犧迦 犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧巌犧犧朽犧犧伍犹犧犧 犧÷叉犧犧死犧犹犧迦犧犹犹犧犧伍犧犧犧犧÷紺犧犧伍. 犹犧犹犹犧犧犧萎犧犧犧犹犧迦坤犧園犧犧園犧犧萎犧 犹犧 犧犹犧犧犧犧園犧犧萎犧迦犧園犧÷叉犧犧迦犹犧犹犧∇差犹.
- 26. 犧犧死犧犧萎犧死犧犹犹犧犧伍犧犧萎犧迦犹犧ム犧萎犧迦婚犧÷叉 What the long-term health effects are If a person survives the toxic effects of paraquat poisoning, long-term lung damage (scarring) is highly likely. Other long- term effects may also occur, including kidney failure, heart failure, and esophageal strictures (scarring of the swallowing tube that makes it hard for a person to swallow). 犧犹犧迦犧項犧犹犧о犧犧朽犹犧犹犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧巌 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧, 犹犧犹犧ム犧萎犧迦婚犧ム紺犧犧死 犧犧迦犹犧 (犧犧犧) 犧犧劇犧犹犧迦坤犧迦 犹犧ム紺犧犹犧迦犹犧犧犧犧о犧迦犧園犧犧ム紺犧犧死犧犹犧迦犧迦 犹犧犹犧犧酌艮犧, 犹犧ム紺犧犧死婚犹犧 犧ム沙犹犧÷犧犧酌婚 犧犹犧迦犹犧犧犧犧о犧迦犧園犧犧犧迦犹犧犧朽犧犧迦昆犧迦犧犧朽 犧犧園 犹犧ム紺犧犧劇犧犧迦. People with high-dose exposure to paraquat are not likely to survive. 犧犧項犧犹犧о犧犧朽犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧巌 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犹犧犧犧萎坤犧巌此犧迦犧犧項 犧犹犹犧犧迦犧ム梱犧犧犧朽婚犧巌.
- 27. 犧犧迦犧犹犧犧犧犧園犧犧死婚犹犧犧犹犧ム紺 犧犧о犹犧犧園犹犧犧о犧 犹犧÷嵯犹犧犧犹犧迦犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犧巌 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 How you can protect yourself, and what you should do if you are exposed to paraquat If you think you may have been exposed to liquid paraquat on your clothes or body, remove your clothing, rapidly wash your entire body with soap and water, and get medical care as quickly as possible. 犧犹犧迦犹犧迦犧犧巌犧о犧迦犹犧迦 犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犧巌 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧迦此 犹犧犧劇犧犧 犧犧伍犧 犹犧ム紺犧犧死婚犧犧犧犧犹犧迦, 犧犹犧迦犧犧о犧犹犧迦犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧朽犹犧犧劇犧犧 犧犧園犧犹犧犧犹犧, 犧ム犧迦犧犧死婚犧犹犧迦犹犧犧犹犧 犧犹犧о犧犧萎犧 犹犧ム紺犧犹犹犧 犧犧萎梱犧迦 犹犧ム紺犧犧巌犧犹犹犧犧迦犧萎犧迦犧迦犹犧犧犧犹犧о.
- 28. 犧犹犧準犧犹犧迦犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧伍犧: Removing your clothing: Quickly take off clothing that has liquid paraquat on it. Any clothing that has to be pulled over the head should be cut off the body instead of pulled over the head. 犧犹犧準犧犹犧迦犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧伍犧犧犧朽犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犧巌犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚犹犧犧犧犧園犧犧朽, 犧犹犧迦犧犧園 犹犧犧劇犧犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犹犧迦犧朽犹犧犹犧犧犧犧犧迦犧犧死婚 犹犧犹犧犧園犧犧犧犧犧迦犧犧死婚 犹犧犧 犧犧朽犧犧萎犧犹犧犧犧犧犧迦犧犧死婚 If you are helping other people remove their clothing, try to avoid touching any contaminated areas, and remove the clothing as quickly as possible. 犧犹犧迦犹犧迦犹犧犧園犧犧項犧犹犧о犹犧犧酌嵯犧犹犧犹犹犧犧劇犧犧犹犧迦犧犹犧犧項犧犧朽犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犧巌 犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚 犹犧犹犧犧萎犧迦犧迦此犧犧酌叉犧犧ム犧準犧犧迦犹犧犧萎犹犧犧犧犧犧迦犧犧巌 犹犧ム紺犧犧犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧伍犧犧犧犧犹犧犧犹犧.
- 29. Washing yourself: 犧犧萎坤犹犧迦 犧犹犧迦犧о魂犧÷昏犧萎梱犧迦犧犧死婚犹犧犧: As quickly as possible, wash any liquid paraquat from your skin with large amounts of soap and water. Washing with soap and water will help protect people from any chemicals on their bodies. 犧ム犧迦犧犧迦犧犧巌 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧犧犧犧犧犧迦犧犧巌婚犹犧園犧犧犧犧犹犧迦犹犧犧犹犧 犧犹犧о犧犧萎犧 犹犧ム紺 犧犹犹犧迦犧犹犧犧酌魂犧犹犧犧死犧迦犧朽犹犧犧園犹犧犹犧犹. 犧犧迦犧ム犧迦犧犧迦犧犧巌犧犧犧犧犧迦犧犹犧迦 犧犧迦 犹犧÷犧犧犧迦 犧犹犧犧犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧巌犧犹犹犹犧犹犧犧劇犧犧死犹犧犹犧犧準. If your eyes are burning or your vision is blurred, rinse your eyes with plain water for 10 to 15 minutes. If you wear contacts, remove them and put them with the contaminated clothing. Do not put the contacts back in your eyes (even if they are not disposable contacts). If you wear eyeglasses, wash them with soap and water. You can put your eyeglasses back on after you wash them. 犧犹犧迦犧迦犧犧犧犹犧迦犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犧巌犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚 犧犧酌嵯 犧犧迦此犧死婚, 犹犧犹犧ム犧迦犧犧迦犹犧о犧犹犹犧迦昏犧萎梱犧迦 犧犧萎此犧迦 10-15 犧犧迦犧. 犧犹犧迦犹犧迦犹犧犹犹犧犹犧о犧迦犧準此 (contacts lens) 犹犧犹犧犧犧 犧犧犧 犹犧ム紺犧犧朽犧÷犧犧犧園犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧伍犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚, 犧犹犧迦此犧犹犧迦此犧迦犧犹犧犧迦犧劇犧犧朽 犹犧犧園犧犧迦, 犧犹犧迦犹犧迦犹犧犹犹犧о犧о犧 犹犧犹犧ム犧迦犧犹犧о犧犧萎犧 犹犧ム紺犧犹犹犧迦昏犧萎梱犧迦 犧犧酌艮犧犧犧迦犧犧園犧 犧犹犧迦犧犧迦此犧迦犹犧犹犹犧о婚犧犧迦犧劇犧犹犧犹.
- 30. 犧犧迦犧犧朽犧÷犧犧劇犧犧犧犧伍犧犧犧朽犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犹犧о昏犧迦犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧 Disposing of your clothes: After you have washed yourself, place your clothing inside a plastic bag. Avoid touching contaminated areas of the clothing. If you can't avoid touching contaminated areas, or you aren't sure where the contaminated areas are, wear rubber gloves or put the clothing in the bag using tongs, tool handles, sticks, or similar objects. Anything that touches the contaminated clothing should also be placed in the bag. If you wear contacts, put them in the plastic bag, too. 犧犧酌艮犧犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧伍犧犧犧朽犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧迦犧犧巌 犧犧迦今犧迦犧犧犧犧犧犹犧ム犧 犹犧犹犹犧犹犧ム沙犧犧犧死犧∇魂犧, 犧犧酌叉犧犧ム犧準犧犧迦 犧犧園犧犧迦犧犹犧犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧迦犧犧巌. 犧犹犧迦犹犧迦 犧犹犹犧犧迦此犧迦犧犧酌叉犧犧ム犧準犧犧園犧犧迦 犧犹犧犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧迦犧巌 犹犧犹犹犧犹犧犧死犧犧÷嵯 犧犹犧犧犧犧園犹犧犧劇犧犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧巌. 犧犹犧迦犹犧迦犹犧犹犹犧犹犧о犧迦犧準此 犹犧犹犧犧朽犧÷犧犧犧園犧犧死犧犧∇魂犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犹犧ム叉犧. Seal the bag, and then seal that bag inside another plastic bag. Disposing of your clothing in this way will help protect you and other people from any chemicals that might be on your clothes. 犧÷艮犧犧犧死犧∇魂犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧迦犧犧巌犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚 犹犧ム犧о犧犧死魂犧犧死犹犹犹犧÷魂犧犹犹犧犧死犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧朽犧犧園犧犹犧謹犧. 犧犧迦犧犧朽犧÷犧犧劇犧犧 犹犧犧劇犧犧犹犧犧犧犧朽犹犧÷犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犧死犧犹犧犧犧犹犹犹犧犹犧犧死犧犧劇犧犧犧劇犧犧迦犧犧巌犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚, When the local or state health department or emergency personnel arrive, tell them what you did with your clothes. The health department or emergency personnel will arrange for further disposal. Do not handle the plastic bags yourself. 犹犧о坤犧迦犧萎犧園犧犧迦犹犧犧 犧犧酌嵯犧犧迦犧犹犧о犧犹犧準婚犧犹犧犧犧÷魂犹犧犧朽犧犹犧迦犧犧死犧犧犧犧犧犹犧犧犹犧犧園犧÷犧準此犧犧死犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧迦犧犧巌 犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚. 犧犧萎犧犧犧犧迦犧迦坤犧萎犧萎昏犧伍 犧犧酌嵯 犹犹犧о犧犧伍犹犧犧朽犧犧萎犧犧園犧犧項犹犧犧園犧÷犧準 犧犧酌嵯犧犹犧迦坤犧迦犧犧死犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧巌 犧犧犧犧犹犧迦. 犧犹犧÷犧犧萎犹犧犧犧犧死犧犹犧犧劇犧犧犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚. For more information about cleaning your body and disposing of your clothes after a chemical release, see Chemical Agents: Facts About Personal Cleaning and Disposal of Contaminated Clothing.
- 31. How you can get more information about paraquat 犧犹犧迦犧犧迦此犧迦犧犧死犧犧犧迦犹犹犧÷差犧犹犧犧朽犧÷犧犧朽此犧犹犧準犧園 犧犧迦犧犧迦混犧迦犧犧 犹犧犹犧犧迦此犹犧о犧ム左犹犧÷犧朽 You can contact one of the following: Regional poison control center: 1-800-222-1222 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Response Hotline (CDC) 800-CDC-INFO 888-232-6348 (TTY) E-mail inquiries: cdcinfo@cdc.gov Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. This fact sheet is based on CDCs best current information. It may be updated as new information becomes available. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protects peoples health and safety by preventing and controlling diseases and injuries; enhances health decisions by providing credible information on critical health issues; and promotes healthy living through strong partnerships with local, national, and international organizations.
- 32. 犧犧萎犧迦犧犧死婚犧犧朽犧犧犧犧犧迦婚犧犧о犹犧犧犹犧犧犧犧巌犧 1. 犧犹犹犹犧犹犧犹犧迦犧犧迦犧犧謹犹犧犧犧犧死此 犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犹犧∇魂 犧犧迦犹犧犧÷叉 , 犧犹犹犧犧項 犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犹犧∇魂 犧犧迦犹犧犧÷叉犧犧迦此犧犧迦犹犧犧萎犹犧 2. 犧犹犹犧犧項犧犧死犧犧園犧犧萎坤犧迦 犧犧犧犧犧迦犧犧犧犧ム佐犧犧∇魂/犧犹犹犧÷叉犧犧伍犧萎犧犧 犧犹犧犧犧犧園犹犧о坤犧迦犧犹犧犧迦犹犧犧÷叉犧犧園犧犧犹犧迦婚. 3. 犧∇魂犧犹犧迦頃犧迦犧迦犧犧萎犧巌 犧犹犹犧÷叉犧犧萎昆犧酌魂犧犧犧迦昏犧迦坤犧迦婚/犧犧園犧犧巌 犧犹犧 犧犧園犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犹犧∇魂. 4. 犹犧о坤犧迦犧犧園犧犹犧о 犧犧迦犧犧迦犧犧巌 犧÷佐犧犧犧準 犹犧ム紺犹犧犧犧朽昏犧伍犹犧犧園砂 犧犧朽婚犧巌. 5. 犧犧死犧犧犧謹犧犧迦犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧項.
- 33. 犧犧死犧犧萎犧迦犧犧劇犧犧犧迦犧迦犹犧ム嵯犧犧犹犧犹犧犧迦婚犧犧о 1. 犧犧迦犧迦犧犧伍犹犧犧死魂犧犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犹犧犧迦犹犧犧÷叉犧犧朽犹犧犧園 犧犧園犧犧萎坤犧迦 2. 犧犧迦混犧項犧犧迦犧犧萎坤犧巌犹犹犹 犧犧朽犧犹犹犧÷叉犧犧死犧犧萎犧死犧犹犹犧÷紺犧犧伍 犹犧ム紺犧犧巌犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧 犹犧犧園犹犧犹犧犧死犧犧犧謹犧犧萎犧萎坤犧巌犧犹犹犧 犹犧犹犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧萎犧園犧÷叉犧ム魂犧犧項.
- 34. 犧犧迦犹犧ム嵯犧犧犹犹犹犧犧犧犧犧迦婚犧犧о The alternative for Farmers Integrated Crop management (ICM) 犧犧迦犧犧伍犧÷犧劇犹犧犧犧犧萎昏犧死此犧犧萎昏犧迦: 犧犧劇 犹犧項犧о砂犧 犧犧謹犧犧園犧犧伍犧犧朽, 犧犧伍此犧犧朽 犹犧ム紺 犧犧о犧犧伍此犧о艮犧犧犧萎犧謹. Intergrated Pest management (IPM) 犧犧迦犧犹犧犧犧犧園犧犧謹犹犧犧犧犧萎昏犧死此犧犧萎昏犧迦 犧犧迦犧犹犧犧犧犧園犧犧謹犹犧犧犧犧巌婚犧萎犧迦 犹犧犧園犧: 犧犧迦犹犧犹犧犧伍犧項犹犧犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧項犧謹, 犧犧迦犹犧犹犧犧迦 EM 犧犧園犹犧ム犧犧園犧犧項犧謹, 犧犧迦犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧犧犹犧÷犧犧朽婚犧萎犧迦 (犧犹犧 犧犧酌艮犧犹犧犹犧犧犧 ,犹犧迦 犹犧ム紺犧犹犧迦坤犧項犧犧死犧) 犧犧迦犧犧萎昏犧巌犹犧迦犧犧犧犧迦犧犧巌 犹犧ム紺犧犧萎昏犧巌犹犧迦梱犧朽犧犧
- 35. 犧犧迦犧犧死犧犧準犧犧項犧犧迦犧犧萎坤犧巌 犧犧迦犧犧萎昏犧巌犹犧迦犧犧犧犧死犧о犧犹犧 犧犧萎犧伍犧園: 犧犧死犧犧犧謹犧犧項: 犹犧犹犧犧伍犹犧犧÷叉, 犧∇魂犧犹犧 犧犹犧準魂, 犧∇魂犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧項犧謹 犧犧園犹犧死犧ム犧о犹犧犹犧犹犧迦犧犧死犧 犹犧犧園犹犧犹 犧犧死犧 犧犧迦 犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧項 犹犧犧園犧犧園犧犧萎坤犧迦犧犹犹 犧犧伍犧犧 犧犧迦 犧犧犧犧犧項犧犧犧犹犧犧犧犧迦 犹犧ム紺 犧犧項犧犹犧ム佐 犹犧犧 犧犧迦犹犧犧÷叉 犧犹犧迦坤犧迦犧犧巌犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧 犹犧犹犧ム魂犧犧迦犧園犧犹犹犧 犹犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧萎犧 犧犧朽犧犹犹犧∇嵯犧犧∇沙犧 犧犧迦犧犧萎昏犧巌犹犧迦昏犧萎梱犧迦: 犧犧死犧犧犧謹犧犹犹犧: 犧犧迦昆犧迦犹犧犧朽此犧犧迦犹犧 犧犧 犧÷魂犧犧犧萎坤犧巌犹犧犹犹犧犧犹犧犧犧犧巌犧 犹犧ム紺犧犹犧 犹犧犹犧о艮犧犧犧萎犧伍犧犧犹犧犧犧犧朽犧 犹犧犧園犧: 犧犧伍犹犧園犧犧朽婚犧萎犧迦, 犧犧萎犧項犹犧犧犧迦 犧犧園犧犧項犧謹 犹犧ム紺犧犹犹犧÷犹犧犹犧犧犧-犹犧迦 犹犧ム紺犧犹犧迦坤犧伍犧犧死犧犧犧劇 犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧о犧 犧ム紺犧犧死犧犧朽婚犧萎犧迦 犧犧迦此犧迦犧犹犧迦犧犧犧 犹犧犧園犹犧犹犧犧死犧犧迦犹犧犧犹犧犧犧犧巌犧犹犧犹 犧犧死犧犧萎坤犧巌犧犧萎梱犧迦 犧犧犧犹犧犧犹犹犧犧項 犧犧犧犹犧犧犧犧迦 犹犧ム紺犧犧項犧犹犧ム佐犹犧犧. 犧ム魂犧犧迦昏犧朽犧犹犧迦犧萎昏犧巌犹犧迦昏犧萎梱犧迦-犧犧萎昏犧 犧犹犧迦梱犧朽犧犧; 犧犧項犧犧о犧迦犧萎坤犧巌犧犧萎犧園犹犧犹 犧犧迦犹犧犧÷叉. 犹犧犧園犧犧迦犧犧園犧犧萎犧迦犧朽犧∇艮犹犧犧∇嵯犧 犹犧ム紺 犧犧萎犧伍坤犧園犧犧巌犧犹犧о犧ム犧犧.