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- 2. §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §Ò§Ñ§Ù §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §à§Ò§à§Ò§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§à §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §Ý§ð§Ò§í§ç §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó, §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ý§à §Ú §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö.
- 3. §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §å§é?§ä§Ñ §è§Ñ§â§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ü§Ñ§Ù§ß§í §Ú §ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§à§Ó §Ó §Õ§â§Ö§Ó§ß§Ö§Þ §º§å§Þ§Ö§â§Ö (4000 §Ô. §Õ§à §ß. §ï.); ? §å§Ù§Ö§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ú§ß§Ü§à§Ó ¡ª §Ü§Ú§á§å, §Ü§Ý§Ú§ß§à§á§Ú§ã§Ú, §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ú§Ö §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§í §¡§ã§ã§Ú§â§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §è§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §ä. §á. ? §¯§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§Ü§à§Þ §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Þ§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ ?§Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç? §Ú §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ö§Ô§à §ã§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ã §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú ?§Ñ§â§ç§Ú§Ó? §Ú §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö ?§á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î?.
- 4. §Ò§Ñ§Ù§í §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§Ñ§ä§â§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Þ (§ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ) §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú. §¢§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç ¨C §ï§ä§à §Þ§ß§à§Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ï§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§â§ß§í§ç §Ô§â§å§á§á §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç (§Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú), §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §á§â§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Þ§Ú.
- 5. §¯§Ñ §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §â§Ñ§ß§ß§Ú§ç §ã§ä§Ñ§Õ§Ú§ñ§ç §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§ç §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Û §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ã§á§Ú§ã§Ü§Ú ¡ª §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ú§ä§í§Ö §ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§æ§à§Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ö §Ú §ß§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ú§ä§ß§à§Û §Ý§Ö§ß§ä§Ö. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à, §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ß§Ö§Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §â§Ö§ê§Ú§ä§î §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §ã§á§Ú§ã§Ü§à§Ó. §¸§Ö§Ý§î §Ò§Ñ§Ù§í §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç ¡ª §á§à§Þ§à§é§î §Ý§ð§Õ§ñ§Þ §Ú §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ§Þ §Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §å§é§Ö§ä §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§Û.
- 6. §¢§Ñ§Ù§í §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç ¡ª §ï§ä§à §à§Õ§ß§Ñ §Ú§Ù §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§ç §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Û. §³§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ §à§ß§Ú §Ó§à §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§Þ §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ú§â§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ã §Ò§Ñ§ß§Ü§à§Ó§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú, §ç§à§ä§ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ò§í§Ý§à §ß§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§Õ§Ñ. §ª§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã §à§Õ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ú§ß§Ø§Ö§ß§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô§à§Ó §á§â§à§ê§Ý§à§Ô§à §ã§ä§à§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§ñ: §á§à§Ý§Ö§ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ §§å§ß§å.
- 7. §³§Ö§Ó§Ö§â§à§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ Rockwell §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ú§Ý§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ü§ä §ã §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §³§º§¡ §ß§Ñ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ö §Ó §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ö Apollo. §±§à§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§ã§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§â§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ñ §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §ã§Ö§Ò§ñ §ã§Ò§à§â§Ü§å §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§Ú§ç §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §Õ§Ö§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Û, §á§à§ï§ä§à§Þ§å §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §à§ä§ã§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §à §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §Ó §ç§à§Õ§Ö §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ö§Û §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ü§Ú §à§Ò§ß§Ñ§â§å§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §à§Ô§â§à§Þ§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ú§Ù§Ò§í§ä§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î. §£§í§ñ§ã§ß§Ú§Ý§à§ã§î, §é§ä§à §á§à§é§ä§Ú §Ó§ã§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §á§à§Ó§ä§à§â§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Õ§Ó§å§ç §Ú §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§ç.
- 8. §³§ä§à§Ý§Ü§ß§å§Ó§ê§Ú§ã§î §ã §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ö§Û §Ü§à§à§â§Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß§í §Õ§Ö§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Û, §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ Rockwell §Ó §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ã IBM §Ó 1968 §Ô. §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§å§ð §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§å §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó. §¯§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ IMS (Information Management System ¡ª §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û), §à§ß§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ý§à§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§å §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§Ú §³§µ§¢§¥. §¬§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§í§Þ §ß§à§Ó§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ IMS §Ò§í§Ý§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Û §Õ§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§à§Û §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ü§Ú. §±§â§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ú§ã§ä§í §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ý§Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ä§î §ã §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §ß§Ñ §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§Ö, §Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ñ §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ò§â§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §ß§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ò§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§å §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ.
- 9. §±§â§Ö§Õ§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ö §Ò§Ñ§Ù §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç. §¥§Ý§ñ §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §ã §ß§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý§í. §¥§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ó §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö §ã§á§Ú§ã§Ü§à§Ó. §·§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§à§Ò§ë§Ú§Þ §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ß§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ §Þ§Ñ§Ô§ß§Ú§ä§ß§à§Û §Ý§Ö§ß§ä§í.
- 10. §¿§â§Ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §ß§Ö§â§Ö§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§ç §Ò§Ñ§Ù §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç. §³§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Ú§Ö§â§Ñ§â§ç§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§î §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç. §¡ §Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §ã§Ö§ä§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§î §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç.
- 11. §£ 1971 §Ô. §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §á§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç (Conference on Data Systems Languages, CODASYL) §Ó §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§å §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §Ó§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ä§à§Ó §Ò§Ñ§Ù §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç. §²§Ñ§ß§Ö§Ö §ï§ä§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §å§Ø§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü COBOL. §¯§à§Ó§í§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ä §Ò§í§Ý §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß §ß§Ñ §Ú§Ö§â§Ñ§â§ç§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§î §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç, §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§Ö§Þ§å§ð §Ó IMS. §²§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§à§Þ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§à §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§Ö§ä§Ö§Ó§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç. §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §°§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý 1 §±§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ñ §ä§à§Ó§Ñ§â§Ñ 1 §°§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý 2 §±§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ñ §ä§à§Ó§Ñ§â§Ñ 2 §±§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ñ §ä§à§Ó§Ñ§â§Ñ N
- 12. §°§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ã§Ö§ä§Ö§Ó§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ý§ð§Ò§Ñ§ñ §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§î §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ó §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§Ú§ç §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§Ü/§á§à§ä§à§Þ§à§Ü. §¿§ä§à §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ý§à §à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î §è§Ö§Ý§í§Û §â§ñ§Õ §à§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú§Ö§â§Ñ§â§ç§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú. §²§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§à§Û §ã§Ö§ä§Ö§Ó§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §¹§Ñ§â§Ý§î§Ù §¢§Ö§Û§é§Þ§Ñ§ß (Charles Bachman), §Ó §ä§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §â§å§Ü§à§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ IDS (Integrated Data System ¡ª §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ô§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç) §Ó §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú General Electric. §°§ß §Ø§Ö §Ú§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ö§Ý "§Õ§Ú§Ñ§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§í §¢§Ö§Û§é§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ñ" §à§á§Ú§ã§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §ã§Ö§ä§Ö§Ó§í§Ö §Ò§Ñ§Ù§í §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç. §©§Ñ §ã§Ó§à§Û §ä§â§å§Õ §Ó 1973 §Ô. §¢§Ö§Û§é§Þ§Ñ§ß §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ý §ß§Ñ§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ§å §´§î§ð§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ.
- 13. §¥§Ý§ñ §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ§Ñ §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§ß§à §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §â§Ö§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç. §±§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ §Õ§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú §Ú§ã§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §ä§Ú§á§à§Ó §à§ê§Ú§Ò§à§Ü, §ã§Ó§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Þ §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ. §³§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§à §ï§ä§à§Û §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú, §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö §ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý§Ú§è §ã§à §ã§ä§à§Ý§Ò§è§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §ã§ä§â§à§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú.
- 14. §£§á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §â§Ö§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§î §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Ó 1970 §Ô§à§Õ§å. §¢§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §å§é§Ö§ß§í§Û §¿§Õ§Ô§Ñ§â §¬§à§Õ§Õ §à§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î§ð ?A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks?. §¥§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Þ §ä§â§å§Õ§à§Þ §á§à §â§Ö§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç. §±§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Ö§Ö §Ó§í§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ß§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Ö §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §á§à §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú.
- 15. §£ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Õ§Ó§Ö §³§µ§¢§¥: System R §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú IBM §Ú Ingres §¬§Ñ§Ý§Ú§æ§à§â§ß§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ §Ó §¢§Ö§â§Ü§Ý§Ú. §£ §à§Ò§Ö§Ú§ç §Ò§í§Ý §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß §â§Ö§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Û §Þ§à§Õ§å§Ý§î §Ú §ñ§Ù§í§Ü §Ù§Ñ§á§â§à§ã§à§Ó. §±§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §Ó §³§µ§¢§¥ System R §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language §ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü §Ù§Ñ§á§â§à§ã§à§Ó). §±§à§Ù§Õ§ß§Ö§Ö §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§à§ã§î §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö SQL (Structured Query Language). §£ 1986 §Ô. §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ ANSI §à§á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ä §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ SQL.
- 16. §£§í§á§å§ã§Ü §â§Ö§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§ç §³§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ §µ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §¢§Ñ§Ù §¥§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç (§³§µ§¢§¥). §³§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§í §á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §³§µ§¢§¥ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§Ú§Ü§â§à§Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§à§Ó. §¶§Ú§â§Þ§Ñ Ashton-Tate §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ dBase, Microrim ¨C R:Base, §Ñ Borland ¨C Paradox.
- 17. §³ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö§Þ §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§ß§à-§à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§í §°§°§³§µ§¢§¥ (§à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§ß§à-§à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç). §¸§Ö§Ý§î§ð §ï§ä§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§à§Ó §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§ä§î §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§í §Ú§Ù §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§ß§à-§à§â§Ú§Ö§ß§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ (§ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §Ú§Ù §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§à§Ó §³++ §Ú§Ý§Ú Java) §Ó §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç, §ß§Ö §á§â§Ö§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§ñ §Ú§ç §Ó §â§Ö§Ý§ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§Û §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§ä. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §à§ß§Ú §Ö§ë? §ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§ê§Ý§Ú §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ä§Ñ§Ü §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ú§ç §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §ß§Ö §à§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Õ§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Õ §Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§Ñ§â§Õ§à§Ó §Ò§Ñ§Û§ä§à§Ó §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ§Ú §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ð§ä §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §ß§à§Ó§í§Û §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§ä. §¿§ä§Ú §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§ð§ä §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Õ§à §ã§Ú§ç §á§à§â.
- 18. Microsoft §Ó§í§á§å§ã§ä§Ú§Ý§Ñ Access, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §ß§Ñ §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §Ý§Ö§ä §Ó§í§ä§Ö§ã§ß§Ú§Ý §ã §â§í§ß§Ü§Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §³§µ§¢§¥. §¹§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§à §ï§ä§à §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§à§ê§Ý§à §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §ä§à§Þ§å, §é§ä§à Access §Ò§í§Ý §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ô§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß §Ó Microsoft Office, §Ú Microsoft §ã§Þ§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ã§Ó§à§Ö §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §â§í§ß§Ü§Ö §Ú §Þ§à§ß§à§á§à§Ý§Ú§ð §Ó §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú Windows §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§à§Ó.
- 19. §³ §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ª§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß§Ö§ä§Ñ §Ó §ã§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö §Õ§Ö§Ó§ñ§ß§à§ã§ä§í§ç §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó §ã§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à §á§à§Ó§í§ã§Ú§Ý§à§ã§î §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ò§Ñ§Ù §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç. §²§Ñ§ß§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è§í §å§ã§ä§å§á§Ú§Ý§Ú §Õ§à§â§à§Ô§å §Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ, §Ó §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §é§Ö§Ô§à §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§Ö §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ª§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß§Ö§ä §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §Ò§Ñ§Ù§í §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§í§Þ §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§ß§Ö§ß§ä§à§Þ §ª§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß§Ö§ä-§á§â§Ú§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û. §±§à§á§å§Ý§ñ§â§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ª§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß§Ö§ä§Ñ §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §á§à§Ó§í§ã§Ú§Ý§Ñ §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §Ó §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ç §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú §ä§â§Ö§Ò§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü §ß§Ú§Þ.
- 20. §£ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §ñ§Ù§í§Ü XML, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§ð §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ü§Ú §Ó§Ö§Ò-§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§à§Ó, §ß§à §Ò§í§Ý §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§ç §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç. §ª§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö XML §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§Ý§à §â§Ö§ê§Ú§ä§î §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Õ§à§Ý§Ô§à §ã§ä§à§ñ§Ý§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç. §£§Ö§Õ§å§ë§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ô§â§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î XML §Ó §ã§Ó§à§Ú §³§µ§¢§¥.
- 21. ¡í 1 §·§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §ï§ä§Ñ§á§Ñ §¢§Ñ§Ù§í §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ß§Ñ §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ç §¿§£§® 2 §¢§Ñ§Ù§í §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §°§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ï§ä§Ñ§á§Ñ §¢§Ñ§Ù§í §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ó§à §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ö§Û §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§Ú §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¿§£§®, §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Ò§Ñ§Ù §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ú, §Ù§Ñ§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ö§Þ§í§Ö §Ó §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§à§Þ §Ó §á§Ñ§Ü§Ö§ä§ß§à§Þ §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ§Ö. §ª§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Û §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §ä§Ö§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ó, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ß§Ö §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ó§í§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú (§á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§à§â§à§Þ, §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ö§Û §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§î§ð) §Ú §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §å§ã§ä§â§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó§Ó§à§Õ§Ñ-§Ó§í§Ó§à§Õ§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §¿§£§®. §±§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§í §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ §Ü §¢§¥ §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ß§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ§ç §Ú §Ù§Ñ§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§Ò§í§é§ß§í§Ö §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à§Ó§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§í. §±§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§í, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ß§Ñ §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ý§Ú §ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§ä§î §á§Ö§â§ã§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Þ§í §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §à§ß§Ú §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ý§Ú §å§Õ§à§Ò§ß§í§Û §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ç §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§æ§Ö§Û§ã §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ù§Ñ§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç, §Ó§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §à§ä§é§Ö§ä§à§Ó. §¿§ä§Ú §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§í §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ý§Ú §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§Ö §å§é§Ö§ä§ß§í§Ö §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§Ú, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §â§Ñ§ß§î§ê§Ö §Ó§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ó§â§å§é§ß§å§ð.
- 22. ¡í 3 §·§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §ï§ä§Ñ§á§Ñ §°§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ï§ä§Ñ§á§Ñ §²§Ñ§ã§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý?§ß§ß§í§Ö §³§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§ã§Ö §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ù§í §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§à§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §³§µ§¢§¥ §Ú §Ó §ä§à §Ø§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §â§Ö§ê§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§í §á§à §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ö §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ú §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ü§Ö §è§Ö§Ý§à§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §¢§¥. 4 §±§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§à§Ó§à§Û §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ §Ü §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ú§ß§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä §°§ä§á§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §¥§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §ã §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ò§Ñ§Ù§à§Û §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ä§ß§í§Û §Ò§â§Ñ§å§Ù§Ö§â §ª§ß§ä§Ö§â§ß§Ö§ä§Ñ §Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ü§à§ß§Ö§é§ß§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§ß§à §ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §á§à §£§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§à§Û §±§Ñ§å§ä§Ú§ß§Ö.
- 23. ? http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ ? http://www.sql.ru/articles/mssql/2006/0317 01iintroductionindatabases.shtml ? http://www.sqlhome.org.ua/istoriya_bd.php ? http://paveldev.blogspot.com/2010/05/kratk aja-istoria-baz-dannih.html ? http://www.intuit.ru/department/database/d bmdi/1/ ? http://www.pgtk.edu.ru/lections/doku.php?i d=bd_history