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put call options future value of an annuity time compounding apr present value of a sum future time value of money rule of 72 future value money corporate finance discounting tvm ear interest interest rate continuous compounding effective annual rate present present value of an annuity annuity future value of a sum pv value finance annual percentage rate fv present value double your money derivatives swaps hedging forwards foreign exchange derivative securities futures vega theta delta rho puts gamma greeks calls straddle bull spread butterfly spread strangle strap protective put combination strip covered call bear spread spread convertible bond treasury bill municipal bond sinking fund zero coupon bond capital loss corporate bond portfolio standard deviation market risk correlation weight credit risk value at risk harry markowitz markowitz var covariance risk portfolio theory volatility operational risk callable bond discount rate coupon call provision callable face value default coupon rate embedded option put provision putable bond treasury bond treasury note foreign bond default risk moody's capital gain standard and poor's bonds treasury foreign currency maturity variance