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dna replication rna thermodynamics rna polymerase dna transcriptional termination atoms transcriptional elongation transcriptional initiation promoters elements prokaryotic transcription ionic bonds polar covalent bonds non-polar covalent bonds nucleic acid chemistry rna world post-transcriptional modification replication entropy enthalpy internal energy rna polymerase i eukaryotic transcription eukaryotes rho protein prokaryotic dna replication molecular biology e. coli mechanism of dna replication discovery of dna as genetic material eukaryotic dna replication heyflick's limit telomerase sigma factors trascription plasmid partition mutation replication fidelity m13 phage mutagens dna repair mechanism rolling circle model theta model plasmid mutagenesis quantum mechanics albert einstein classical physics 1st law of thermodynamics 2nd law of thermodynamics oth law of thermodynamics 3rd law of thermodynamics london dispersion forces biochemistry thermodynamics of life polyadenylation rna editing splicing transcription capping alternative splicing co-transcriptional modification rna polymerase ii rna polymerase iii transcriptional factors enhancers marwadi university up elements ppgpp rna polymerase stringent control molecules ions atomic models compounds isotopes chemical bonds covalent bonds octate rule origin of life