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The Philippine educational system faces several issues including low quality of education, insufficient budget allocation, lack of affordability, and high drop-out rates. Quality of education varies greatly between urban and rural areas. Budget allocation remains low compared to other ASEAN countries. Many students cannot afford to continue their education due to cost. The K-12 curriculum was implemented to address some of these issues and improve holistic education, but it still faces challenges in implementation including lack of facilities, teacher shortages, and ensuring access for all students. While the K-12 aims to better prepare students for higher education or work, stronger leadership is still needed to fully realize its benefits across the Philippines.

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POSITION PAPER ISSUES REGARDING THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: K ¨C 12 CURRICULUM PROGRAM IN THE PHILIPPINES January, 2022 Submitted by: EDGARDO I. GORDO JR. MAED Student Submitted to: RAMIL B. ARANTE, PhD Associate Professor V
Position Paper Issues Regarding the Educational System: K ¨C 12 Curriculum Program in the Philippines SUMARY When it comes to influence, the educational system of the Philippines has been affected immensely by the country's colonial history including the Spanish period, American period, and Japanese rule and occupation. Although having been significantly influenced by all its colonizers with regard to the educational system, the most influential and deep-rooted contributions arose during the American occupation (1898); it was during this aforementioned period that 1. English was introduced as the primary language of instruction and 2. A public education system was first established - a system specifically patterned after the United States school system and further administered by the newly established Department of Instruction. The present Philippine Educational system firstly covers six years of compulsory education (from grades 1 to 6), divided informally into two levels - both composed of three years. The first level is known as the Primary Level and the second level is known as the Intermediate Level. However, although the Philippine educational system has extensively been a model for other Southeast Asian countries, in recent years such a matter has no longer stood true, and such a system has been deteriorated - such a fact is especially evident and true in the country's more secluded poverty-stricken regions. Due to COVID-19, education issues in the Philippines have increased and received new challenges that worsened the current state of the country. With the sudden events brought about by the health crisis, distance learning modes via the internet or TV broadcasts were ordered. Further, a blended learning program was launched in October 2020, which involves online classes, printouts, and lessons broadcast on TV and social platforms. Thus, the new learning pathways rely on students and teachers having access to the internet. Nationwide the Philippines faces several issues when it comes to the educational system. Issues regarding the K-12 Quality of Education First of which, is the quality of education. In the year 2014, the National Achievement Test (NAT) and the National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE) results show that there had been a decline in the quality of Philippine education at the elementary and secondary levels. The students' performance in both the 2014 NAT and NCAE were excessively below the target mean score. Having said this, the poor quality of the Philippine educational system is manifested in the comparison of completion rates between highly urbanized city of Metro Manila, which is also happens to be not only the country's capital but the largest metropolitan
area in the Philippines and other places in the country such as Mindanao and Eastern Visayas. Although Manila is able to boast a primary school completion rate of approximately 100 percent, other areas of the nation, such as Eastern Visayas and Mindanao, hold primary school completion rate of only 30 percent or even less. This kind of statistic is no surprise to the education system in the Philippine context, students who hail from Philippine urban areas have the financial capacity to complete at the very least their primary school education. Is the quality education in the Philippines good? Based on the rankings, the Philippines managed to jump up to 49th place from 55th last year. This, according to the study, is where countries like the Philippines fall short. Quality of education for the three factors, the Philippines scored 31st for appeal, 61st for investment and development, and 26th for readiness. Like the United States, the Philippine nation has an extensive and highly inclusive system of education, including higher education. Not surprisingly, students who hail from Philippine urban areas tend to score much higher in subjects such as mathematics and science than students in the more rural areas of the country Budget for Education The second issue that the Philippine educational system faces is the budget for education. Although it has been mandated by the Philippine Constitution for the government to allocate the highest proportion of its government to education, the Philippines remains to have one of the lowest budget allocations to education among ASEAN countries. I can say that due to poor financing, the quality of education offered is affected by poor attendance and inadequate preparation by teachers at all levels. The morale of teachers is low due to basic condition of service and low salaries. Affordability of Education The third prevalent issue the Philippine educational system continuously encounters is the affordability of education (or lack thereof). A big disparity in educational achievements is evident across various social groups. Socioeconomically disadvantaged students otherwise known as students who are members of high and low-income poverty-stricken families, have immensely higher drop-out rates in the elementary level. Additionally, most freshmen students at the tertiary level come from relatively well-off families. That is why some of the students could not continue in schooling specially in Higher Education because of financial matter or lack of parents¡¯ support when it comes to financial support. Drop-out Rate (Out-of-school youth) The Philippines, about 258 million children and youth are out of school, according to UIS data for the school year ending in 2018. The total includes 59 million children of primary
school age, 62 million of lower secondary school age and 138 million of upper secondary age, according to UNESCO's data. Social Divide There exists a problematic and distinct social cleavage with regard to educational opportunities in the country. There is no fair learning access in the country. Most modern societies have encountered an equalizing effect on the subject of education. This aforementioned divide in the social system has made education become part of the institutional mechanism that creates a division between the poor and the rich. Lack of Facilities and Teacher Shortage in Public Schools There are large-scale shortages of facilities across Philippine public schools - these include classrooms, teachers, desks and chairs, textbooks, and audio-video materials. According to Department of Education. DepEd recent data show 22 million students are enrolled in public schools, and 4 million in private schools. In public schools, 2.2 million are kindergarten pupils, 12.2 million are elementary students, 6.4 million are junior high school (Grades 7 to 10) students and 1.3 million are senior high school (Grades 11 and 12) students. In private schools, 243,818 are in kindergarten, 1.2 million in elementary, 1.3 million in junior high school and 1.2 million in senior high school. The DepEd said 149,614 junior and senior high school students in the technical and vocational (tech-voc) track will go to state universities and colleges and to local universities and colleges; while 641,584 are enrolled in the Alternative Learning System or ALS. Teacher turnover and shortages are among the most critical issues in education: Teachers are the number one in-school influence on student achievement and research shows that poor- quality teaching disrupts learning and has a negative impact on students' ability to graduate from school college- and career-ready. Issues regarding the K-12 K-12 curriculum program in the Philippines is effective for students in this generation. This curriculum provides higher quality of education as the DepEd stated in 2012. In 2010, DepEd has conceptualized the K-12 curriculum program. Moreover, during the years 2011 to 2012, the universal kindergarten was launched. In connection, Pres. Benigno Aquino III formally signed the bill to institutionalized the basic education in 2013. This year 2018, the first batch of Senior High School are expected to graduate and will decide whether they continue to study further in college or enter the workforce right away. This reform helps to cope up with global standards in secondary education and it includes a higher value in kindergarten. Like Masayoshi Okabe, a researcher in Japan said, ¡°The key points of the new policy are preparation for higher education. Eligibility for entering
domestic and overseas higher educational institutions, and immediate employability on graduating, all leading towards a holistically developed Filipino.¡± He also included how basic education in the Philippines has been a problem; such as dropout rate and congested curricula, which affects the number of courses in school. These curricula must be rushed in able to meet the mandated educational requirements. Moreover, Masayoshi Okabe provides a statistical data regarding the literacy rate of the youth in the Philippines. It shows that 90% of the country is literate society and it has been improving ever since. The goal of this curriculum is to have learning and innovation skills; IT and media skills. Effective communication skills and life career skills. The benefits of K to 12 is to join the workforce right away with the electives that they have learned during Grade 11 and 12. Students will no longer go to remedial classes during the first year of college since the K-12 curriculum will already be aligned with the Commission on Higher Education guidelines. Conclusion On the positive perspective, K to 12 will provide holistic education for all students. This means that students will improve communication and social skills, increase positive peer interaction and many educational outcomes. Moreover, students will gain more knowledge and experience that will be essential in the future. One of the significant reforms in the Philippines education that made an impact to this program is that improving student learning (curriculum reform, increasing the supply of instructional materials and textbooks, programs for early child development, instructional language policy, programs for student assessment, and extending the length of the basic education cycle). Overall, K to 12 in the Philippines is beneficial for the youth. There may be some people that don¡¯t agree to this reform but there are more positive effects of this for the country as a whole. I can say that the previous administration of Pres. Benigno Aquino III was right in making this reform work. There may be some problems when it started and implemented but now, we can see the fruits of this reform. As present administration of Pres. Duterte, Presidential Spokesperson Salvador Panelo said Duterte, during the 46th Cabinet meeting, gave the go signal for the DepEd to implement its "Sulong EduKalidad" program which shall review and update the K-12 curriculum; improve the learning environment; upskill and reskill teachers; and engage stakeholders for support and collaboration. The K12 needs leadership and clear vision from the new administration. We need honest words to show K12¡¯s real problems, against the false optimism of our previous leaders who are proud of the additional school years, as if, ¡°all is well.¡± The K12 is not yet on its full implementation, and there are no signs that the next school year will be better. We need more of our president¡¯s leadership to lead us why, despite all its issues, we need to keep our faith in the K12 education. It is for the greater Filipinos and for the future leaders of this great country.
Reference: http://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/out-school-children-and-youth https://www.bulatlat.com/2016/08/03/dutertes-administration-and-k12/ https://childhope.org.ph/education-issues-in-the-philippines/ https://www.k12academics.com/Education%20Worldwide/Education%20in%20the%20Ph ilippines/history-education-philippines College of Arts and Technology. (2018, January 5). 2018 Review and Updates on the K-12 Curriculum in the Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.ciit.edu.ph/K-12-Curriculum-in- the-Philippines Quismundo, J. (2012). K-12 takes effect this June- DepEd. Retrieved from https:// newsinfo.net/146869/K-12-takes-effect-this-June%E2%80%94deped Okabe, M. (2013, August). Where does Philippine education go? The ¡°K-12¡± program and reform of Philippines Basic Education. Retrieved from https://S3.amazonnaws.com/academia.edu.documents Uyquiengco, M. (N.D). Benefits of the K-12 curriculum for Filipino students. Retrieved from https://ph.theasianparent.com/advantages-new-k-12-curriculum Baccara, R. (2016). Why the K-12 program will benefit the Filipino youth. Retrieved from https://lifestyle.inquirer.net//227819/Why-the-K-12-Program-will-benefit-the-Filipino- youth/ https://www.ijires.org/administrator/components/com_jresearch/files/publications/IJIRES_ 1638_FINAL.pdf https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1092963

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GORDO-POSITION PAPER_MAED 302.docx

  • 1. POSITION PAPER ISSUES REGARDING THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: K ¨C 12 CURRICULUM PROGRAM IN THE PHILIPPINES January, 2022 Submitted by: EDGARDO I. GORDO JR. MAED Student Submitted to: RAMIL B. ARANTE, PhD Associate Professor V
  • 2. Position Paper Issues Regarding the Educational System: K ¨C 12 Curriculum Program in the Philippines SUMARY When it comes to influence, the educational system of the Philippines has been affected immensely by the country's colonial history including the Spanish period, American period, and Japanese rule and occupation. Although having been significantly influenced by all its colonizers with regard to the educational system, the most influential and deep-rooted contributions arose during the American occupation (1898); it was during this aforementioned period that 1. English was introduced as the primary language of instruction and 2. A public education system was first established - a system specifically patterned after the United States school system and further administered by the newly established Department of Instruction. The present Philippine Educational system firstly covers six years of compulsory education (from grades 1 to 6), divided informally into two levels - both composed of three years. The first level is known as the Primary Level and the second level is known as the Intermediate Level. However, although the Philippine educational system has extensively been a model for other Southeast Asian countries, in recent years such a matter has no longer stood true, and such a system has been deteriorated - such a fact is especially evident and true in the country's more secluded poverty-stricken regions. Due to COVID-19, education issues in the Philippines have increased and received new challenges that worsened the current state of the country. With the sudden events brought about by the health crisis, distance learning modes via the internet or TV broadcasts were ordered. Further, a blended learning program was launched in October 2020, which involves online classes, printouts, and lessons broadcast on TV and social platforms. Thus, the new learning pathways rely on students and teachers having access to the internet. Nationwide the Philippines faces several issues when it comes to the educational system. Issues regarding the K-12 Quality of Education First of which, is the quality of education. In the year 2014, the National Achievement Test (NAT) and the National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE) results show that there had been a decline in the quality of Philippine education at the elementary and secondary levels. The students' performance in both the 2014 NAT and NCAE were excessively below the target mean score. Having said this, the poor quality of the Philippine educational system is manifested in the comparison of completion rates between highly urbanized city of Metro Manila, which is also happens to be not only the country's capital but the largest metropolitan
  • 3. area in the Philippines and other places in the country such as Mindanao and Eastern Visayas. Although Manila is able to boast a primary school completion rate of approximately 100 percent, other areas of the nation, such as Eastern Visayas and Mindanao, hold primary school completion rate of only 30 percent or even less. This kind of statistic is no surprise to the education system in the Philippine context, students who hail from Philippine urban areas have the financial capacity to complete at the very least their primary school education. Is the quality education in the Philippines good? Based on the rankings, the Philippines managed to jump up to 49th place from 55th last year. This, according to the study, is where countries like the Philippines fall short. Quality of education for the three factors, the Philippines scored 31st for appeal, 61st for investment and development, and 26th for readiness. Like the United States, the Philippine nation has an extensive and highly inclusive system of education, including higher education. Not surprisingly, students who hail from Philippine urban areas tend to score much higher in subjects such as mathematics and science than students in the more rural areas of the country Budget for Education The second issue that the Philippine educational system faces is the budget for education. Although it has been mandated by the Philippine Constitution for the government to allocate the highest proportion of its government to education, the Philippines remains to have one of the lowest budget allocations to education among ASEAN countries. I can say that due to poor financing, the quality of education offered is affected by poor attendance and inadequate preparation by teachers at all levels. The morale of teachers is low due to basic condition of service and low salaries. Affordability of Education The third prevalent issue the Philippine educational system continuously encounters is the affordability of education (or lack thereof). A big disparity in educational achievements is evident across various social groups. Socioeconomically disadvantaged students otherwise known as students who are members of high and low-income poverty-stricken families, have immensely higher drop-out rates in the elementary level. Additionally, most freshmen students at the tertiary level come from relatively well-off families. That is why some of the students could not continue in schooling specially in Higher Education because of financial matter or lack of parents¡¯ support when it comes to financial support. Drop-out Rate (Out-of-school youth) The Philippines, about 258 million children and youth are out of school, according to UIS data for the school year ending in 2018. The total includes 59 million children of primary
  • 4. school age, 62 million of lower secondary school age and 138 million of upper secondary age, according to UNESCO's data. Social Divide There exists a problematic and distinct social cleavage with regard to educational opportunities in the country. There is no fair learning access in the country. Most modern societies have encountered an equalizing effect on the subject of education. This aforementioned divide in the social system has made education become part of the institutional mechanism that creates a division between the poor and the rich. Lack of Facilities and Teacher Shortage in Public Schools There are large-scale shortages of facilities across Philippine public schools - these include classrooms, teachers, desks and chairs, textbooks, and audio-video materials. According to Department of Education. DepEd recent data show 22 million students are enrolled in public schools, and 4 million in private schools. In public schools, 2.2 million are kindergarten pupils, 12.2 million are elementary students, 6.4 million are junior high school (Grades 7 to 10) students and 1.3 million are senior high school (Grades 11 and 12) students. In private schools, 243,818 are in kindergarten, 1.2 million in elementary, 1.3 million in junior high school and 1.2 million in senior high school. The DepEd said 149,614 junior and senior high school students in the technical and vocational (tech-voc) track will go to state universities and colleges and to local universities and colleges; while 641,584 are enrolled in the Alternative Learning System or ALS. Teacher turnover and shortages are among the most critical issues in education: Teachers are the number one in-school influence on student achievement and research shows that poor- quality teaching disrupts learning and has a negative impact on students' ability to graduate from school college- and career-ready. Issues regarding the K-12 K-12 curriculum program in the Philippines is effective for students in this generation. This curriculum provides higher quality of education as the DepEd stated in 2012. In 2010, DepEd has conceptualized the K-12 curriculum program. Moreover, during the years 2011 to 2012, the universal kindergarten was launched. In connection, Pres. Benigno Aquino III formally signed the bill to institutionalized the basic education in 2013. This year 2018, the first batch of Senior High School are expected to graduate and will decide whether they continue to study further in college or enter the workforce right away. This reform helps to cope up with global standards in secondary education and it includes a higher value in kindergarten. Like Masayoshi Okabe, a researcher in Japan said, ¡°The key points of the new policy are preparation for higher education. Eligibility for entering
  • 5. domestic and overseas higher educational institutions, and immediate employability on graduating, all leading towards a holistically developed Filipino.¡± He also included how basic education in the Philippines has been a problem; such as dropout rate and congested curricula, which affects the number of courses in school. These curricula must be rushed in able to meet the mandated educational requirements. Moreover, Masayoshi Okabe provides a statistical data regarding the literacy rate of the youth in the Philippines. It shows that 90% of the country is literate society and it has been improving ever since. The goal of this curriculum is to have learning and innovation skills; IT and media skills. Effective communication skills and life career skills. The benefits of K to 12 is to join the workforce right away with the electives that they have learned during Grade 11 and 12. Students will no longer go to remedial classes during the first year of college since the K-12 curriculum will already be aligned with the Commission on Higher Education guidelines. Conclusion On the positive perspective, K to 12 will provide holistic education for all students. This means that students will improve communication and social skills, increase positive peer interaction and many educational outcomes. Moreover, students will gain more knowledge and experience that will be essential in the future. One of the significant reforms in the Philippines education that made an impact to this program is that improving student learning (curriculum reform, increasing the supply of instructional materials and textbooks, programs for early child development, instructional language policy, programs for student assessment, and extending the length of the basic education cycle). Overall, K to 12 in the Philippines is beneficial for the youth. There may be some people that don¡¯t agree to this reform but there are more positive effects of this for the country as a whole. I can say that the previous administration of Pres. Benigno Aquino III was right in making this reform work. There may be some problems when it started and implemented but now, we can see the fruits of this reform. As present administration of Pres. Duterte, Presidential Spokesperson Salvador Panelo said Duterte, during the 46th Cabinet meeting, gave the go signal for the DepEd to implement its "Sulong EduKalidad" program which shall review and update the K-12 curriculum; improve the learning environment; upskill and reskill teachers; and engage stakeholders for support and collaboration. The K12 needs leadership and clear vision from the new administration. We need honest words to show K12¡¯s real problems, against the false optimism of our previous leaders who are proud of the additional school years, as if, ¡°all is well.¡± The K12 is not yet on its full implementation, and there are no signs that the next school year will be better. We need more of our president¡¯s leadership to lead us why, despite all its issues, we need to keep our faith in the K12 education. It is for the greater Filipinos and for the future leaders of this great country.
  • 6. Reference: http://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/out-school-children-and-youth https://www.bulatlat.com/2016/08/03/dutertes-administration-and-k12/ https://childhope.org.ph/education-issues-in-the-philippines/ https://www.k12academics.com/Education%20Worldwide/Education%20in%20the%20Ph ilippines/history-education-philippines College of Arts and Technology. (2018, January 5). 2018 Review and Updates on the K-12 Curriculum in the Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.ciit.edu.ph/K-12-Curriculum-in- the-Philippines Quismundo, J. (2012). K-12 takes effect this June- DepEd. Retrieved from https:// newsinfo.net/146869/K-12-takes-effect-this-June%E2%80%94deped Okabe, M. (2013, August). Where does Philippine education go? The ¡°K-12¡± program and reform of Philippines Basic Education. Retrieved from https://S3.amazonnaws.com/academia.edu.documents Uyquiengco, M. (N.D). Benefits of the K-12 curriculum for Filipino students. Retrieved from https://ph.theasianparent.com/advantages-new-k-12-curriculum Baccara, R. (2016). Why the K-12 program will benefit the Filipino youth. Retrieved from https://lifestyle.inquirer.net//227819/Why-the-K-12-Program-will-benefit-the-Filipino- youth/ https://www.ijires.org/administrator/components/com_jresearch/files/publications/IJIRES_ 1638_FINAL.pdf https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1092963