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Madrasah Irsyad Zuhri Al Islamiah
Madrasah Irsyad Zuhri Al Islamiah

This document discusses the use of conditionals and "if" clauses in different contexts: 1) Things that will or may happen in the future using "if" with present or future tense verbs. 2) Unlikely or hypothetical situations using "if" with past tense verbs and modal verbs like "would". 3) Referring to past events or situations using "if" with past perfect tense. 4) Reporting questions using "if" in reported speech. Examples are provided for each context.

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SYNTHESIS ANDSYNTHESIS AND TRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATION IF 1) THINGS WHICH WILL OR MAY HAPPEN 2) UNLIKELY OR UNREALACTIONS 3) REFERRING TO THE PAST 4) REPORTED QUESTIONS
1)1) THINGS WHICH WILL ORTHINGS WHICH WILL OR MAY HAPPENMAY HAPPEN TO TALK ABOUT THINGS WHICH ARE LIKELY TO HAPPEN. If + Simple Present, an order (a) may (b) + can (c) must (d) should (e) Simple Future (f)
EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES: (a) If anybody(a) If anybody phonesphones, take a message, take a message for me.for me. (b)(b) If youIf you touchtouch that wire, youthat wire, you maymay get aget a shock.shock. (c)(c) If AuntieIf Auntie givesgives you a kitten, youyou a kitten, you cancan keep it.keep it. (d)(d) If youIf you havehave a pet, youa pet, you mustmust look afterlook after itit properly.properly. (e)(e) If JaneIf Jane seessees a blind man crossing thea blind man crossing the road, sheroad, she shouldshould help him.help him. (f)(f) If MaryIf Mary comescomes, she, she willwill probably bakeprobably bake a cake.a cake.
When referring to a past action, use theWhen referring to a past action, use the Present Perfect Tense instead of thePresent Perfect Tense instead of the Simple Present, especially when the actionSimple Present, especially when the action has just finished.has just finished. Examples:Examples: (g) If you(g) If you have finishedhave finished your homework,your homework, youyou can watch television.can watch television. (h)(h) If the rainIf the rain has stoppedhas stopped, please go to, please go to thethe store and get some milk for me.store and get some milk for me. (i)(i) If UncleIf Uncle has been delayedhas been delayed by theby the traffic, he will be late.traffic, he will be late. (j)(j) If all the trainsIf all the trains have been cancelledhave been cancelled,, the buses will be crowded.the buses will be crowded.
2) UNLIKELY OR UNREAL2) UNLIKELY OR UNREAL ACTIONSACTIONS TO TALK ABOUT AN UNLIKELYTO TALK ABOUT AN UNLIKELY FUTURE ACTION OR MAKE AFUTURE ACTION OR MAKE A GENERAL STATEMENT.GENERAL STATEMENT. If + Simple Past + would could might + a verb
UNLIKELY FUTURE ACTIONSUNLIKELY FUTURE ACTIONS EXAMPLESEXAMPLES:: *(a)*(a) If IIf I werewere you, Iyou, I wouldwould go to bedgo to bed earlier.earlier. *(b)*(b) If SamIf Sam werewere here, hehere, he mightmight help you.help you. (c)(c) If the sunIf the sun explodedexploded, we, we wouldwould all die.all die. (d)(d) If the seaIf the sea roserose 50 metres, most of our50 metres, most of our landland wouldwould be flooded.be flooded. ** For (a) & (b), even though I and Sam areFor (a) & (b), even though I and Sam are singular, were is used as it is an unlikelysingular, were is used as it is an unlikely futurefuture event.event.
GENERAL STATEMENTSGENERAL STATEMENTS EXAMPLESEXAMPLES:: (e)(e) If alcoholIf alcohol werewere banned, therebanned, there wouldwould bebe no drunk drivers.no drunk drivers. (f)(f) If peopleIf people werewere kinder and more polite tokinder and more polite to each other, the world could be aeach other, the world could be a happier place.happier place. (g)(g) If pedestriansIf pedestrians tooktook more care, theremore care, there mightmight probably be fewer accidents.probably be fewer accidents.
3) REFERRING TO THE PAST3) REFERRING TO THE PAST If + Past Perfect Tense + could/would/mightIf + Past Perfect Tense + could/would/might + a verb+ a verb EXAMPLESEXAMPLES:: (a)(a) If that sharkIf that shark had comehad come closer, itcloser, it couldcould have attacked one of the swimmers.have attacked one of the swimmers. (b)(b) If youIf you had been asleephad been asleep on the job,on the job, somebody would have been hurt.somebody would have been hurt. (c)(c) If the petrol tankIf the petrol tank had explodedhad exploded, you, you mightmight have been killed.have been killed.
EXAMPLESEXAMPLES:: (d)(d) If youIf you had gonehad gone to bed earlier, youto bed earlier, you wouldwould not have been so tired thisnot have been so tired this morning.morning. (e)(e) If JamesIf James had enteredhad entered the race, hethe race, he mightmight have won.have won. (f)(f) If sheIf she had arrivedhad arrived earlier, sheearlier, she couldcould have seen her mother.have seen her mother.
4) REPORTED QUESTIONS IN REPORTED QUESTIONS/SPEECHES EXAMPLES: a) I asked her if I could help her. b) I wonder if you would give the children a bath. c) He asked if her hair had always been that colour.

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  • 1. SYNTHESIS ANDSYNTHESIS AND TRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATION IF 1) THINGS WHICH WILL OR MAY HAPPEN 2) UNLIKELY OR UNREALACTIONS 3) REFERRING TO THE PAST 4) REPORTED QUESTIONS
  • 2. 1)1) THINGS WHICH WILL ORTHINGS WHICH WILL OR MAY HAPPENMAY HAPPEN TO TALK ABOUT THINGS WHICH ARE LIKELY TO HAPPEN. If + Simple Present, an order (a) may (b) + can (c) must (d) should (e) Simple Future (f)
  • 3. EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES: (a) If anybody(a) If anybody phonesphones, take a message, take a message for me.for me. (b)(b) If youIf you touchtouch that wire, youthat wire, you maymay get aget a shock.shock. (c)(c) If AuntieIf Auntie givesgives you a kitten, youyou a kitten, you cancan keep it.keep it. (d)(d) If youIf you havehave a pet, youa pet, you mustmust look afterlook after itit properly.properly. (e)(e) If JaneIf Jane seessees a blind man crossing thea blind man crossing the road, sheroad, she shouldshould help him.help him. (f)(f) If MaryIf Mary comescomes, she, she willwill probably bakeprobably bake a cake.a cake.
  • 4. When referring to a past action, use theWhen referring to a past action, use the Present Perfect Tense instead of thePresent Perfect Tense instead of the Simple Present, especially when the actionSimple Present, especially when the action has just finished.has just finished. Examples:Examples: (g) If you(g) If you have finishedhave finished your homework,your homework, youyou can watch television.can watch television. (h)(h) If the rainIf the rain has stoppedhas stopped, please go to, please go to thethe store and get some milk for me.store and get some milk for me. (i)(i) If UncleIf Uncle has been delayedhas been delayed by theby the traffic, he will be late.traffic, he will be late. (j)(j) If all the trainsIf all the trains have been cancelledhave been cancelled,, the buses will be crowded.the buses will be crowded.
  • 5. 2) UNLIKELY OR UNREAL2) UNLIKELY OR UNREAL ACTIONSACTIONS TO TALK ABOUT AN UNLIKELYTO TALK ABOUT AN UNLIKELY FUTURE ACTION OR MAKE AFUTURE ACTION OR MAKE A GENERAL STATEMENT.GENERAL STATEMENT. If + Simple Past + would could might + a verb
  • 6. UNLIKELY FUTURE ACTIONSUNLIKELY FUTURE ACTIONS EXAMPLESEXAMPLES:: *(a)*(a) If IIf I werewere you, Iyou, I wouldwould go to bedgo to bed earlier.earlier. *(b)*(b) If SamIf Sam werewere here, hehere, he mightmight help you.help you. (c)(c) If the sunIf the sun explodedexploded, we, we wouldwould all die.all die. (d)(d) If the seaIf the sea roserose 50 metres, most of our50 metres, most of our landland wouldwould be flooded.be flooded. ** For (a) & (b), even though I and Sam areFor (a) & (b), even though I and Sam are singular, were is used as it is an unlikelysingular, were is used as it is an unlikely futurefuture event.event.
  • 7. GENERAL STATEMENTSGENERAL STATEMENTS EXAMPLESEXAMPLES:: (e)(e) If alcoholIf alcohol werewere banned, therebanned, there wouldwould bebe no drunk drivers.no drunk drivers. (f)(f) If peopleIf people werewere kinder and more polite tokinder and more polite to each other, the world could be aeach other, the world could be a happier place.happier place. (g)(g) If pedestriansIf pedestrians tooktook more care, theremore care, there mightmight probably be fewer accidents.probably be fewer accidents.
  • 8. 3) REFERRING TO THE PAST3) REFERRING TO THE PAST If + Past Perfect Tense + could/would/mightIf + Past Perfect Tense + could/would/might + a verb+ a verb EXAMPLESEXAMPLES:: (a)(a) If that sharkIf that shark had comehad come closer, itcloser, it couldcould have attacked one of the swimmers.have attacked one of the swimmers. (b)(b) If youIf you had been asleephad been asleep on the job,on the job, somebody would have been hurt.somebody would have been hurt. (c)(c) If the petrol tankIf the petrol tank had explodedhad exploded, you, you mightmight have been killed.have been killed.
  • 9. EXAMPLESEXAMPLES:: (d)(d) If youIf you had gonehad gone to bed earlier, youto bed earlier, you wouldwould not have been so tired thisnot have been so tired this morning.morning. (e)(e) If JamesIf James had enteredhad entered the race, hethe race, he mightmight have won.have won. (f)(f) If sheIf she had arrivedhad arrived earlier, sheearlier, she couldcould have seen her mother.have seen her mother.
  • 10. 4) REPORTED QUESTIONS IN REPORTED QUESTIONS/SPEECHES EXAMPLES: a) I asked her if I could help her. b) I wonder if you would give the children a bath. c) He asked if her hair had always been that colour.