Web-based Remote Semiconductors Devices Testing Laboratory
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This document describes the development of a web-based remote laboratory for testing semiconductor devices, specifically designed for electronic engineering students at the National University of Rosario, Argentina. The laboratory allows students to conduct experiments online without needing to install additional software, using a standard web browser, thus making it accessible and cost-effective. It features real-time testing of various devices, including diodes and transistors, providing output as graphs and tables for educational purposes.
![WEB-BASED REMOTE SEMICONDUCTORS DEVICES TESTING LABORATORY
REV 2007 - www.rev-conference.org 1
Web-based Remote Semiconductors Devices
Testing Laboratory
F. G. Lerro, M. D. Protano
Faculty of Exact Sciences, Engineering and Surveying
National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
AbstractThis paper presents the web-based remote
laboratory that will be used as part of the practice for the
Electronic Physics subject at the Electronic Engineering
course of the National University of Rosario, Argentina.
This remote laboratory was developed as a final project of
the course by two students. In this project several
semiconductors devices (diodes, BJT, J-FET, and
phototransistors) can be tested in order to obtain the output
characteristics of each one and to study the behavior in
different conditions. The fact that the user (student) does
not need to install any software to access via Internet and
the low cost for implementation of the laboratory, are the
most outstanding advantages of this Lab.
Index Termsremote laboratory, electronic engineering,
physics, semiconductors devices
I. INTRODUCTION
Working in a laboratory is an important way of testing
theory through practice, especially for engineering
students. The degree of functionality and level of user
access to remote laboratories has evolved thanks to
advances in web applications and technologies. Current
technology gives the possibility of remote access to
laboratory equipment and instruments via Internet.
In this web-based laboratory several semiconductors
devices (diodes, BJT, J-FET, and phototransistors) can be
tested [1]. The implementation of this type laboratory
offers quite a lot of advantages as it is not necessary to be
present to carry out experiments. Thus, it avoids
limitations caused by lack of resources or logistic
problems, becoming an effective tool for e-learning
purposes [2], [3]. One of the most outstanding advantages
of this project is that students do not need of installing
any software but a standard web-browser (Internet
Explorer, Mozilla, etc.); so the experiments can be
carried out using any of the known operative systems
(Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS, etc) and making
this remote laboratory system-independent.
There are plenty of different tools available to make
this possible. National Instrument LabView is the most
complete and simple software, but its high cost has made
us search for a cheaper alternative.
To carry out this Lab, we use a National Instruments
Data Acquisition card already available at our faculty,
and a web server with Windows XP Professional, IIS 5.1
and Microsoft Visual Studio .Net 2003. The graphic
engine is part of the Microsoft Office Web Components
10. This software library can be downloaded from
Microsoft website.
The use of the .Net platform has provided us a
remarkable advantage because the link between the client
side and the server is made with HTML, since the ASPX
application runs on the server. The server has the DAQ
device connected to a 5-channel multiplexer for the five
different experiments, and two power sources controlled
by the two analog output channels available [4].
On the client side, the information is given by a
standard web page, without the need of a plug-in or Java
applet. The interface is very simple; it allows the students
to choose which of the five semiconductors devices is
going to be tested. The result of the experiment is the
voltage-current characteristic graph of the requested
device. The tests are made in real time; the results shown
are given as graphic and as table, and can be reviewed by
the user at any time.
II. DEVELOPMENT
This laboratory was developed using a National
Instruments DAQ-1200 card installed on a web server
running Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003 implemented
on Windows XP. The device selection and the settings of
each experiment were implemented by a custom made
PCB.
Fig 1 System Architecture](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/rev2007-web-basedremotesemiconductorsdevicestestinglaboratory-130604212208-phpapp01/85/Web-based-Remote-Semiconductors-Devices-Testing-Laboratory-1-320.jpg)
![WEB-BASED REMOTE SEMICONDUCTORS DEVICES TESTING LABORATORY
REV 2007 - www.rev-conference.org 2
A. Hardware
The National Instruments DAQ-1200 card has eight (8)
analog input channels, two (2) analog output channels
and three (3) input/output digital 8-bit ports. The analog
input channels are used for the voltage measurements and
the analog output channels are used to set the power
source voltage. We have also used three bits from the
output digital ports for the device selection.
The custom made PCB allows us to set the power
sources voltages and select which of the five experiments
is going to be carried out (diode, zener diode, BJT,
J-FET, phototransistor). To avoid damages on the DAQ
Card, the PCB also includes a power stage to provide the
current the circuits need.
B. Software
We have utilized a PC with Windows XP, IIS 5.1 as a
web server and .Net Framework 1.1. Because of the
nature of the National Instruments DAQ-1200 card (it is
an old card without .Net support), we had to make an
application that works as a TCP/IP Server, in Visual
Studio 6 to be able to use the NIDAQ Legacy driver [5].
This communication server receives the orders from the
application built in Visual Studio 2003, makes the
acquisition and presents the results back to the web
server.
The application is in standard HTML language, so it
can be accessed by using any of the well-known web
browsers (Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, etc).
There is no need to download or install any additional
plug-in or Java applet.
The system is very easy to work with. The user enters
his login and password and then, selects which of the
devices is going to be tested. He can also see the results
of the tests already done before.
The tests consist on getting the static characteristic of
the selected device automatically. On the diode, the user
can also select different current values to point by point
making the test more interactive (Fig. 4). The next
version of the system, will allow making different kind of
tests to all the devices. For example, on the bipolar
junction transistor, it would be possible to test the device
on different ambient temperatures, so the student can
view how the hfe is increased with more heat on the
device.
When the selection of the experiment is done, the web
server transfers the parameters to the communication
server so the acquisition can be accomplished. After a
few seconds, the results are shown. The student can see
the static characteristic as a graphic and as a table. Also
the user can also choose if he wants the complete curve or
only the points. The table can be exported to a XLS file
(Excel) and the graphic to a GIF file (picture).
Any of the experiments can be performed the times the
user wants.
As a consequence of the way each device is being
tested with any combination of power sources (current to
test the diode, positive voltage/positive voltage on the
BJT, positive voltage/negative voltage on the J-FET and
positive voltage/current on the phototransistor), in the
future the devices can be replaced by new ones.
The software can also be improved to allow the user
make new kind of tests without modifying the hardware.
III. TESTS
A. Diode
A zener diode has been chosen, so we can obtain the
full static characteristic of the device.
Fig. 2 Schematic circuit for the diode
To make the measures as accurate as possible and due
to the characteristics of the device, a current source was
chosen. In this way, we can have better resolution on the
acquisition.
For each of the currents we establish the system
acquires two voltages: one on the resistor and the other
on the diode. Only sixteen different values of current are
needed to obtain the full curve. The current source is
controlled by one of the output channels on the DAQ
Card.
When the process is completed, the static characteristic
of the diode in direct polarization is presented. It can also
be obtained the characteristic equation of the diode.
Id = Is(evd/侶VT
-1) (1)
That can be simplified to:
Id = Is(evD/侶VT
) when Id >> Is (2)
To obtain the regulation characteristic of the diode
zener, the system switches the anode and cathode. The
acquisition process is the same as done before.
B. Bipolar Junction Ttransistor (BJT)
A BC548B BJT has been chosen. As well as the diode,
the test consists on getting the static characteristic (Fig. 3)
of the device.
Fig. 3 Static Characteristic of BC548B according datasheet](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/rev2007-web-basedremotesemiconductorsdevicestestinglaboratory-130604212208-phpapp01/85/Web-based-Remote-Semiconductors-Devices-Testing-Laboratory-2-320.jpg)
![WEB-BASED REMOTE SEMICONDUCTORS DEVICES TESTING LABORATORY
REV 2007 - www.rev-conference.org 4
IV. CONCLUSION
A remote laboratory allows a user (student) to make
experiments in a similar way as if he was at the
laboratory, but comfortably placed at home or any place
provided with an Internet connection; even it is not
needed to be in the same city or country.
A strong feature of this project is that the user needs
only a web browser and Internet connection to make the
tests. There is no necessity to install extra software to
access the lab.
In each test the user can verify the different properties
of each device, confirming in the practice some of the
theoretical contents applied to them. Those are: the static
characteristic curves, and some parameters extracted from
the equation fitting that curves.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank to the engineer Jos辿 Luis Sim坦n, director of
the final project of our electronic engineering course, and
to the engineer Miguel Plano, who supervised the
development of this remote laboratory.
REFERENCES
[1] M. N. Horenstein, Microelectronic circuits and devices, Prentice
Hall Inc; 1995
[2] R. O. Fernandez, A. P. Borges, M. P辿rez-Lisboa, N. Peixoto, F. J.
Ramirez-Fernandez, Laborat坦rio virtual aplicado educa巽達o a
dist但ncia, Instrumentation Newsletter; 02/04/01; 2001
http://sim.lme.usp.br
[3] K.W.E. Cheng, C.L. Chan, C.H.Chan and T.K.Cheung,
Development of a web-based virtual power electronics laboratory
experiment, pp. 47-50, ICCE/SchoolNet 2001 (International
Conference on Computer in Education (Korea))
[4] National Instruments, DAQ NI PCI-1200 user manual.
Multifunctional I/O device for PCI bus computers, June 2002
Edition, Worldwide Technical Support and Product Information,
ni.com.
[5] G. Coulouris, J. Dollimore, T. Kindberg, Distributed systems
concepts and design, Pearson Education Limited editor, 3rd
Edition, 2001
AUTHORS
F. G. Lerro is with the Faculty of Exact Sciences,
Engineering and Surveying, Av. Pellegrini 250, (2000)
Rosario, Argentina (e-mail: flerro2@yahoo.com.ar).
M. D. Protano is with the Faculty of Exact Sciences,
Engineering and Surveying, Av. Pellegrini 250, (2000)
Rosario, Argentina (e-mail: mprotano@gmail.com).
Fig.6 BJTs Static characteristic and data table](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/rev2007-web-basedremotesemiconductorsdevicestestinglaboratory-130604212208-phpapp01/85/Web-based-Remote-Semiconductors-Devices-Testing-Laboratory-4-320.jpg)
Web-based Remote Semiconductors Devices Testing Laboratory
- 1. WEB-BASED REMOTE SEMICONDUCTORS DEVICES TESTING LABORATORY REV 2007 - www.rev-conference.org 1 Web-based Remote Semiconductors Devices Testing Laboratory F. G. Lerro, M. D. Protano Faculty of Exact Sciences, Engineering and Surveying National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina AbstractThis paper presents the web-based remote laboratory that will be used as part of the practice for the Electronic Physics subject at the Electronic Engineering course of the National University of Rosario, Argentina. This remote laboratory was developed as a final project of the course by two students. In this project several semiconductors devices (diodes, BJT, J-FET, and phototransistors) can be tested in order to obtain the output characteristics of each one and to study the behavior in different conditions. The fact that the user (student) does not need to install any software to access via Internet and the low cost for implementation of the laboratory, are the most outstanding advantages of this Lab. Index Termsremote laboratory, electronic engineering, physics, semiconductors devices I. INTRODUCTION Working in a laboratory is an important way of testing theory through practice, especially for engineering students. The degree of functionality and level of user access to remote laboratories has evolved thanks to advances in web applications and technologies. Current technology gives the possibility of remote access to laboratory equipment and instruments via Internet. In this web-based laboratory several semiconductors devices (diodes, BJT, J-FET, and phototransistors) can be tested [1]. The implementation of this type laboratory offers quite a lot of advantages as it is not necessary to be present to carry out experiments. Thus, it avoids limitations caused by lack of resources or logistic problems, becoming an effective tool for e-learning purposes [2], [3]. One of the most outstanding advantages of this project is that students do not need of installing any software but a standard web-browser (Internet Explorer, Mozilla, etc.); so the experiments can be carried out using any of the known operative systems (Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS, etc) and making this remote laboratory system-independent. There are plenty of different tools available to make this possible. National Instrument LabView is the most complete and simple software, but its high cost has made us search for a cheaper alternative. To carry out this Lab, we use a National Instruments Data Acquisition card already available at our faculty, and a web server with Windows XP Professional, IIS 5.1 and Microsoft Visual Studio .Net 2003. The graphic engine is part of the Microsoft Office Web Components 10. This software library can be downloaded from Microsoft website. The use of the .Net platform has provided us a remarkable advantage because the link between the client side and the server is made with HTML, since the ASPX application runs on the server. The server has the DAQ device connected to a 5-channel multiplexer for the five different experiments, and two power sources controlled by the two analog output channels available [4]. On the client side, the information is given by a standard web page, without the need of a plug-in or Java applet. The interface is very simple; it allows the students to choose which of the five semiconductors devices is going to be tested. The result of the experiment is the voltage-current characteristic graph of the requested device. The tests are made in real time; the results shown are given as graphic and as table, and can be reviewed by the user at any time. II. DEVELOPMENT This laboratory was developed using a National Instruments DAQ-1200 card installed on a web server running Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003 implemented on Windows XP. The device selection and the settings of each experiment were implemented by a custom made PCB. Fig 1 System Architecture
- 2. WEB-BASED REMOTE SEMICONDUCTORS DEVICES TESTING LABORATORY REV 2007 - www.rev-conference.org 2 A. Hardware The National Instruments DAQ-1200 card has eight (8) analog input channels, two (2) analog output channels and three (3) input/output digital 8-bit ports. The analog input channels are used for the voltage measurements and the analog output channels are used to set the power source voltage. We have also used three bits from the output digital ports for the device selection. The custom made PCB allows us to set the power sources voltages and select which of the five experiments is going to be carried out (diode, zener diode, BJT, J-FET, phototransistor). To avoid damages on the DAQ Card, the PCB also includes a power stage to provide the current the circuits need. B. Software We have utilized a PC with Windows XP, IIS 5.1 as a web server and .Net Framework 1.1. Because of the nature of the National Instruments DAQ-1200 card (it is an old card without .Net support), we had to make an application that works as a TCP/IP Server, in Visual Studio 6 to be able to use the NIDAQ Legacy driver [5]. This communication server receives the orders from the application built in Visual Studio 2003, makes the acquisition and presents the results back to the web server. The application is in standard HTML language, so it can be accessed by using any of the well-known web browsers (Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, etc). There is no need to download or install any additional plug-in or Java applet. The system is very easy to work with. The user enters his login and password and then, selects which of the devices is going to be tested. He can also see the results of the tests already done before. The tests consist on getting the static characteristic of the selected device automatically. On the diode, the user can also select different current values to point by point making the test more interactive (Fig. 4). The next version of the system, will allow making different kind of tests to all the devices. For example, on the bipolar junction transistor, it would be possible to test the device on different ambient temperatures, so the student can view how the hfe is increased with more heat on the device. When the selection of the experiment is done, the web server transfers the parameters to the communication server so the acquisition can be accomplished. After a few seconds, the results are shown. The student can see the static characteristic as a graphic and as a table. Also the user can also choose if he wants the complete curve or only the points. The table can be exported to a XLS file (Excel) and the graphic to a GIF file (picture). Any of the experiments can be performed the times the user wants. As a consequence of the way each device is being tested with any combination of power sources (current to test the diode, positive voltage/positive voltage on the BJT, positive voltage/negative voltage on the J-FET and positive voltage/current on the phototransistor), in the future the devices can be replaced by new ones. The software can also be improved to allow the user make new kind of tests without modifying the hardware. III. TESTS A. Diode A zener diode has been chosen, so we can obtain the full static characteristic of the device. Fig. 2 Schematic circuit for the diode To make the measures as accurate as possible and due to the characteristics of the device, a current source was chosen. In this way, we can have better resolution on the acquisition. For each of the currents we establish the system acquires two voltages: one on the resistor and the other on the diode. Only sixteen different values of current are needed to obtain the full curve. The current source is controlled by one of the output channels on the DAQ Card. When the process is completed, the static characteristic of the diode in direct polarization is presented. It can also be obtained the characteristic equation of the diode. Id = Is(evd/侶VT -1) (1) That can be simplified to: Id = Is(evD/侶VT ) when Id >> Is (2) To obtain the regulation characteristic of the diode zener, the system switches the anode and cathode. The acquisition process is the same as done before. B. Bipolar Junction Ttransistor (BJT) A BC548B BJT has been chosen. As well as the diode, the test consists on getting the static characteristic (Fig. 3) of the device. Fig. 3 Static Characteristic of BC548B according datasheet
- 3. WEB-BASED REMOTE SEMICONDUCTORS DEVICES TESTING LABORATORY REV 2007 - www.rev-conference.org 3 The BJT is connected as a common-emitter amplifier (Fig. 5). Both power sources are variable, positive voltages and independent. These voltages are controlled by the two analog output channels of the DAQ. In order to obtain the static characteristic of the BJT, the system measures the collector current, the base current and the collector-emitter voltage on each working point. The process is very simple: the system establishes the base current and then obtains thirty-two different working points by increasing Vcc voltage. The same process is repeated for each base current (Fig. 6). Fig. 5 Schematic circuit to test the BJT C. Junction Field-Effect Transistor (J-FET) The J-FET (2SK117) is connected as a common-drain amplifier. It is polarized by setting a negative Ground- Source voltage controlled by one of the analog output channels of the DAQ. Moreover, the power source also is variable and controlled by the other analog output channel through a power stage on the custom made PCB. The procedure is identical as the BJT. Once the J-FET is polarized, the system increases Vcc after each measure. Ground-Source voltage (Vgs), Drain current (Id) and Drain-Source voltage (Vds) are the points of interest to obtain the static characteristic of the device. D. Phototransistor In order to obtain the characteristics of a phototransistor as accurate as possible, we have chosen a DIP optoisolated transistor (4N28) for the selection of the device. The emitter diode is optically coupled to a phototransistor detector. The proceeding to make the measures is equivalent as the BJT and the J-FET. Fig.4 Diodes Test Selection Screen
- 4. WEB-BASED REMOTE SEMICONDUCTORS DEVICES TESTING LABORATORY REV 2007 - www.rev-conference.org 4 IV. CONCLUSION A remote laboratory allows a user (student) to make experiments in a similar way as if he was at the laboratory, but comfortably placed at home or any place provided with an Internet connection; even it is not needed to be in the same city or country. A strong feature of this project is that the user needs only a web browser and Internet connection to make the tests. There is no necessity to install extra software to access the lab. In each test the user can verify the different properties of each device, confirming in the practice some of the theoretical contents applied to them. Those are: the static characteristic curves, and some parameters extracted from the equation fitting that curves. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank to the engineer Jos辿 Luis Sim坦n, director of the final project of our electronic engineering course, and to the engineer Miguel Plano, who supervised the development of this remote laboratory. REFERENCES [1] M. N. Horenstein, Microelectronic circuits and devices, Prentice Hall Inc; 1995 [2] R. O. Fernandez, A. P. Borges, M. P辿rez-Lisboa, N. Peixoto, F. J. Ramirez-Fernandez, Laborat坦rio virtual aplicado educa巽達o a dist但ncia, Instrumentation Newsletter; 02/04/01; 2001 http://sim.lme.usp.br [3] K.W.E. Cheng, C.L. Chan, C.H.Chan and T.K.Cheung, Development of a web-based virtual power electronics laboratory experiment, pp. 47-50, ICCE/SchoolNet 2001 (International Conference on Computer in Education (Korea)) [4] National Instruments, DAQ NI PCI-1200 user manual. Multifunctional I/O device for PCI bus computers, June 2002 Edition, Worldwide Technical Support and Product Information, ni.com. [5] G. Coulouris, J. Dollimore, T. Kindberg, Distributed systems concepts and design, Pearson Education Limited editor, 3rd Edition, 2001 AUTHORS F. G. Lerro is with the Faculty of Exact Sciences, Engineering and Surveying, Av. Pellegrini 250, (2000) Rosario, Argentina (e-mail: flerro2@yahoo.com.ar). M. D. Protano is with the Faculty of Exact Sciences, Engineering and Surveying, Av. Pellegrini 250, (2000) Rosario, Argentina (e-mail: mprotano@gmail.com). Fig.6 BJTs Static characteristic and data table