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hazop hydrogenation adsorption filtration methanol hydrogen troubleshooting ammonia plant carbon formation ammonia biofuels catalyst deactivation chemistry revamps improve efficiency increase production reaction chemistry fatty acids sulfur removal poisons purification membrane processes ammonia plants gasification coal catalysts mechanical seals hdpe process technology ldpe process technology polypropylene polyethylene polyolefins water gas shift catalytic reforming reaction kinetics sulfur guards yields catalyst loading glycerin corrosion process safety safety secondary reforming catalyst catalyst discharge pre-reforming process technology pressure drop mercury distillation steam reforming chlorides foaming methanol plant arsenic low temperature shift catalyst sulfur pressure vessels valves reactor modeling tools turndown mass transfer methanol production heat transfer equilibrium effects description of fluid hydroformylation reciprocating compressors reactor design centrifugal compressors operations catalytic reformer fouling start-up equilibrium acetylene oxygen causes of pressure surge process requirements viscosity mollier chart - hydrogen pyrolysis gasoline nanocatalysis isothermal flow catalyst activity adiabatic flow by-product formation pipeline design for isothermal handling liquid fuels biodeisel renewable fuels refrigeration co-crystallization crystallization transesterification thermal fractionation inclusion solvent crystallization ethylene shale gas gas processing molecular sieves membranes throughput regulation zeolites (molecular sieves) activated carbon igcc plants petcoke physical solvents development drivers igcc technology operational performance catalytic reactions gasification-based energy conversion systems health and safety precautions charging catalyst storage stirred vessels pressure impurities nitrogen fatty amines amines reaction rate failure mechanisms naphtha steam reforming temperature benfield liquor selective hydrogenation suspensions gasification of coal gasification heavy oil iron-chrome catalysts 鈥渄irty鈥� shift catalysts sulfided state kinetics aghr project management crude oil anhydrous ammonia integrated gasification combined cycle (igcc) catalyst start-up methanation catalyst shutdown nickel carbonyl hazard operating conditions reactions burners steam reforming catalyst poisoning high temperature shift low temperature shift metal dusting ion exchange re-tube studies methane steam reformer applied mechanical design design methodology co2 removal pressure relief systems methane steam reforming catalysis dechlorination hydrodesulfurization chloride removal operator training ammonia synthesis hydrogen plants tube wall temperature measurement reverse osmosis plant data analysis approach to equilibrium pervaporation dialysis electrodialysis process design catalytic oxidation high temperature shift catalyst hts steam reforming catalysts lts foundational technology: distillation pollutants needs of biodiesel industry air biodiesel raw materials transesterification reaction choice of solvent liquid-liquid extraction equipment process flowsheet process pressure drop base catalyzed esterification of oils conventional biodiesel fractionation technologies canola and mustard oil seed crops biofuels reaction mechanism biofuels production foundational technology process physical properties fouling resistances for cooling water biofuels: production methods biodiesel fractionation processes biodiesel feedstock metallurgy design considerations principles of extraction design ambient conditions methan initial catalyst reduction activating (reducing) nickel oxide to nickel methane steam ref design and rating of packed distillation columns air steam regeneration on start-up air steam regeneration on shut down methane second-generation biofuels for aviation public policy-driven demand for biofuels thermal duty and design margins key advantages of second-generation biofuels for a lifecycle emissions from fossil fuels lifecycle emissions from biofuels global biofuels mandates environmental benefits ft synthetic fuels jp-5 jp-8 diesel engines petroleum petroleum industry schematic of petroleum refining ndt results cubic block exchangers case studies outputs modelling and analysis tube pitch baffle-to-shell clearance tube design tube design principles inspection techniques tube manufacture larsen miller plot pass partition lane widths stress data shell and tube design margins material types tube life max allowable temperature mechanical constraints on thermal design of shell heat transfer coefficients for non-newtonian and hp modified: 25 cr / 35 ni + nb design temperature effect of temperature on tube life hk40: 25 cr / 20 ni liquid liquid extraction reformer tube metallurgy non destructive testing inspection methods larson - miller curve temperature measurement background radiation tube-to-baffle clearance reformer survey inputs optimization of primary reformer operation ir pyrometer emissivity optical pyrometer stefan-bolzman equation bundle-to-shell clearance minimum 'u' bend clearance air cooled heat exchanger design heating and cooling of batch processes aspen hysys v8 cylindrical graphite block exchangers heat and mass balance preparation onsite data collection twt survey observation microalloy: 25 cr / 35 ni + nb + ti environment responsibility analysis of tray vibration and action to be taken sustainability effect of low steam ratio on h t shift & psa effect of low steam ratio on the steam reformer unstable flow tray vibration effect of low steam ratio on gross efficiency effect of low steam ratio on net efficiency removable bundles vapor feeds alternative schemes for improving heat recovery kinetic model methanol formation liquid feeds fertilizers gasifier designs sludge blowdown horizontal or vertical shell orientation two phase or flashing feeds liquid drawoffs reboiler circuits vapor drawoffs reboiler returns design and rating of trayed distillation columns manganese sulfur guard nickel sulfur guard reduced metals sulfiding mechanisms copper oxide bubble cap detail dualflow trays effect of heat transfer on liquid film stability selection of internals for distillation columns non-ideal equilibrium curve sizing of main plant items impingement plates baffle spacing worldwide gasification database prediction of overall plate efficiency estimationof plateage and reflux requirements sellers tactics and strategies buyers portfolio analysis generation of supplier positioning model free-lance tools shortcut methods of distillation design oscillation frequencies corporate social responsibility liquid draw-offs liquid distributor or redistributor sour gas shift catalyst substitute natural gas (sng) power conventional combustion ft liquids baffle cut orientation liquid collector peripheral irrigation - the wall zone pour point density maximum bed height and liquid redistribution distributor levelness shell and tube heat exchangers using cooling water economic factors in design liquid distribution and redistribution mechanical design constraints carbon deposition potash in steam reforming thermodynamics products of catalytic cracking hydrocarbon cracking polymeric carbon methanation catal reduction procedure packing syn gas production production of chemicals vapor draw-offs reboil return pipe carbon capture biomass gasification biomass-to-chemicals biomass-to-methanol green petrochemicals integrated bio-refining biomass-to-olefins mto propylene mtp biofuels;integrated solutions reflux or feed pipe biomass-to-pvc biomass to-aromatics biomass-to-ammonia biomass-to-urea partial oxidation support grid packing hold-down grid sasol air side fouling repairs pressure pulsation frictional head acceleration head design methods pumps for hydrocarbon service toxicology associated compounds cavitation velocity of sound pure hydrocarbons safety and reliability flammability hazards shaft seals engineering of seals mechanical engineering lubrication basics hydrostatic fluid film lubrication hydrodynamic fluid film lubrication boundary lubrication mixed lubrication type of duty hydrogen compressors hydrogen from electrolytic cells temperatures and pressures compressibility chart multistage centrifugal type furane resin impregnation inlet booster pumps electric motors dual drivers drivers steam turbines boiler water circulation pumps pump reliability choice of driver need for continuous flow duty calculations choice of seal design and layout of vertical thermosyphon reboile soft-packed glands construction features centrifugal pump operation and maintenance graphite heat exchangers materials of construction dimensions and weight bearings mechanical breakdown multiple spring or bellows breakages reciprocating metering pumps pumping pressure selection and design of condensers distillation columns water cooled condensers heat transfer and pressure drop in wavy passages refrigerant condensers direct contact condensers hot block heaters shell and tube exchangers air cooled heat exchangers spiral plate heat exchangers internal condensers plate heat exchangers plate-fin heat exchangers electric process heaters types of process electric heaters control location of equipment low temperature applications cross contamination environment tank heaters and boilers chromate systems indirect (fluid bath) heaters radiant furnaces induction heaters pipeline immersion heaters pump flowrate and capacity high shear' mixers the shrouded turbine turbine mixers unshrouded agitators in-line mixers ultrasonic homogenizers thermal design margins for heat exchangers physical properties for heat exchanger design immiscible condensates reboilers for distillation columns direct vapor injection separation efficiency thermosyphon reboilers external generation of vapor suppressed vaporization boiler forced circulation boiler internal boiler compressible flow in pipes of constant cross-sect bayonet tube vaporizer selection of heat exchanger types cooling water fouling non-chromate systems estimation of pressure drop for adiabatic figure distillation column condensers chemical technologies co reduction boudouard carbon formation carbon cracking vanadium phosphates alkali metals the integration of the energy equation organo-metalics halides common poisons potassium reformer best practices sock loading unidense loading turbulent heat transfer to non newtonian fluids in pressure drop measurement reformer troubleshooting amdea sulfinol gensorb selexol rectisol solid fixed-bed absorbents vulcan catalytic absorbents sng alloy developments comparison of alloys manufacturing technology flue gas mal-distribution tunnel problems the eddy viscosity for non-newtonian and drag red air leaks tunnel port effect tube failures carbon impregnation methane steam relationship of kp to temperature relationship of wgs kp to temperature effect of temperature on methane slip feed rate steam to carbon pressure increase operating parameters reaction path and equilibrium effect effect of exit temperature spread calculating atm useful tools conversion in biorefineries biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass thermochemical conversion estimation of pressure drop bed sizing adjustment based upon reaction kinetics bed sizing adjustment based upon pressure drop cri bed sizing based upon adsorbent loading adsorbent selection criteria pressure drop characteristics refluxing condensation systems (dephlegmators) adsorbent bed profile adsorbents adsorption units laminar heat transfer to non newtonian fluids in c vessel inspection loading of sieve loading of bottom support material loading of top support material process start-up special precautions psa psa applications regeneration procedure boiler feedwater pumps barske type fouling resistance peripheral type heating medium temperature heat transfer and pressure drop production of biofuels via gasification electricity or direct reduction gas (dri)mdea size of catalyst estimation of thermal performance es determining pressure drop active surface area s catalyst mechanical strength production of heterogeneous catalysts catalyst design flooding size of catalyst phenolic resin impregnation catalyst mechanical strength production of heterogeneous catalysts catalyst design active surface area ptfe impregnation non-condensing gases determining pressure drop metal oxides of lower valency dissociative adsorption of carbon monoxide fischer-tropsch synthesis catalytic partial oxidation dissociative adsorption of methane reducibility of metal oxides surface oxidation supported catalysts homogeneous nanocatalyst preparation methods chemical reduction method photochemical and sonochemical reduction method thermal ligand displacement method condensation of metal vapor method electrochemical reduction method reactor temperature profile feed-stocks flow-schemes catalyst handling benefits of a pre-reformer process effects of pre-reforming process benefits of pre-reforming effect of pre-reformer inlet temp primary reformer efficiency services for pre-reforming pre-reforming problems impact of sulfur high temperature operation catalyst drying pre reformer loading pre-reformer startup catalyst heating pre-reformer installation reduction wgs unloading distillation problems refining column details topping column details distillation control start up methanol loop shut down use of cracked ammonia use of hydrogen inert carrier poisons acetylene hydrogenation ethylene plant flowsheets placement of acetylene hydrogenation reactor cracker feedstock product variability reactor operation reacting components selectivity vs. temperature and ethane formation reacting components and conditions acetylene reactor feeds reasons for acetylene removal h/d ratio thermocouple placement effect of co green oil petroleum refining nanotechnology surface chemistry of aluminas chemisorption vs chemical reaction r-cl formation mechanism key operational and design considerations voida fraction foulant removal magnaforming chloride remova manganese chemistry vent gas abatement dioxin monitoring & analysis dioxin control processes dioxin emissions abatement dioxin contamination dioxin waste handling dioxin waste disposal catalyst benefits process benefits catalyst properties vulcan series xc 300 principal applications kerosene sweetening chemistry bender catalyst replacement lead health hazard information process objectives bender history feedstock sources feedstock impurities cracker feeds petrochemicals loading fixed beds performance guarantees off gas processing impurities effect impurities removal rsh removal cyanides oxygen converter process objectives phosphine h2s absorption nitrogen oxides cos removal nitriles fccu offgas arsine chloride related problems scholl reaction chloride guard options activated aluminas undesirable side reactions friedel-crafts alkylation hcl removal mechanisms chloride related problems caused by alumina green oil formation organic chloride formation methanation operations naphtha characterization uhde (uhde/jm partnership) ammonia casale. topsoe kbr. linde (lac) steam reformer prediction of remaining catalyst life controlled variables practical operations steaming reforming catalysts monitoring reforming catalysts reformer configurations carbon formation and prevention catalyst design criteria catalyst reduction site safety acci reduction of steam reforming catalyst start-up of steam reforming catalyst ammonia synthesis catalyst catalyst parameters bed and system design derect reduction iron methanol plants secondary reformers secondary reformer flowsheets equilibrium considerations modern ammonia plant's basic flowsheet elements plant mal-operation plant outages reforming chemical reactions catalyst chemistry catalyst shape control entry confined spaces accident prevention braun purifier process secondary reformer ammonia synthesis loop purification system start-up purification system shut-down conventional reforming fired-box reformer fabrication combined tubesheet assembly dri processes hyl type flowsheets midrex type flowsheets syngas direct reduction iron (dri) hyl type processes midrex type processes hyco mechanical troubleshooting guide shut-down reformer tubes catalyst breakage carbon formation/removal steam condensation hot bands catalyst settling. giraffe necking speckling hydrogen plant steam/carbon ratio toyo mrf-z arc converter methanol converter types tube cooled adiabatic beds quench converter methanol synthesis flowsheets methanol synthesis chemistry byproducts methanol reformer designs flowsheet description principles of distillation distillation theory topping column operation refining column operation towns gas pre-and post-reforming steam reforming reactions steam reformer modelling plant data catalyst characterization catalyst selectoin key performance criteria laboratory reactor data hydrogen purification ageing methanol plants ageing ammonia plants ageing hydrogen plants modern hydrogen plants plant safety reliability methanol fire methanation safe systems hydrogen fires ammonia formation hydrocarbon purification pre-reformers primary reformers synthesis catalyst effects of water hydrogen plant monitoring fatty oh polishing slurry phase hydrogenolysis fatty ester hydrogenolysis fme - biodiesel alky unit pre-treatment olefin feedstocks catalyst morphology alkenes alkylation reaction chemistry acetylenes fixed bed processes relative reactivities hds reactions mechanisms for dbt desulfurization ultrapurification sulfur in feed benzothiophene reduction of pre-reforming catalysts startup of pre-reforming catalysts sulfiding hydrogenation catalyst hydrodesulfurization catalysts approach pigtail nippers ghr carbon laydown potash doping capital projects assessment amine distribution fatty amine types fatty amines uses selectivity nh3 pressure reaction conditions raney ni catalyst choice fatty amines production supported ni powders fatty amines processes fatty amines reaction pathways dissolved nickel hydrogenation process ni soap decomposition nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen formation of nickel soaps dynamic state of dissolved nickel soaps dynamic state brush hydrogenation oleochemicals fatty methyl esters glycerine fatty alcohols organic functional groups ni catalyst for fa hydrogenation splitting technical service berl saddles saddles raschig rings honeycombs structured packings alumina balls cross- partition rings super saddles pall rings high purity alumina refinery hydrogen support balls synthesis gas hold-down balls hold-down screens meshes over exit collector high surface area dust collectors composition exit screen effects of sulfur in catalytic reforming sulfur related problems reactions in catalytic reforming isomerization catalysts gas phase active metal liquid phase thiophenes fixed bed hydrogenolysis natural gas liquids condensate heavy oil tight shale oil oil shale oil sands bitumen gas-to-liquids ultra-deep oil carbon footprint polyolefins catalyst ziegler natta metallocene purification technology pyrolysis gasoiline sulfur extraction fixed-bed reactors fluidized-bed reactors entrained-flow reactors biodiese steam-cracker effluents cracked hydrocarbons diolefins benzene aromatichydrogenation teg mdea nht response to reformer upsets revamp objectives revamp to hybrid operation semi-regenerative reforming unit continuous reforming unit changes required for full conversion typical benefits of full conversion. revamping of revamp philosophy revamp options fired heaters revamp typical flow scheme typical c5+ yield at decreasing pressure reactor options regeneration section stabilizer chloride management problems what causes nh4cl salts? mitigating system fouling problems with water injection operating practices design to mitigate salt formation remove chloride from stabilizer feed remove nitrogen from the feed prevention water wash chloride guard bed caustic injection best practice minimum critical variables methane steam reformer troubleshooting chemistry of cracking cracking furnaces absorbents flow sheet front end systems processes steam cracker c4 fractions reactor configuration lead iron oxide carbon boiler feed water impurities permanent poisons temporary poisons poisons in hydrocarbon processing cadmium silica foulants heavy metals carbon deposits formed on catalysts feedstock composition effects carbon burning in air carbon deposits reformer problems purpose of nht stripper discharging reduction and start-up of low temperature shift ca low temperature shift catalysts reduction and start-up of high temperature shift c operation of high temperature shift catalysts high temperature shift catalysts operation of low temperature shift catalysts other reactor types hydrogenation reactors loop reactors oils edible oils fats triglycerides hydrogen concentration selectivity effects of changing temperature flammability leak prevention & detection proper maintenance and inspection elimination of ignition sources directional influence of h2 reaction pathways of fatty amines tertiary amines hetero-alkyl amines directional influence of nh3 quaternary amine salts directional influence of h2o amines conversion design instrumentation of nht stripper critical variables for catalytic reforming debris inlet distributor design fixed bed reactor internals inert balls collector design catalyst bed supports catalyst un-loading connections outlet collector void space catalyst separation screens liquid re-distributor temperature excursions in hydrogenation reactors operational problems catalytic reactor process - prompt list feed issues vessel loading vessel designs wider process issues pipe work operational issues discharge issues material issues things to look at things to consider trying polymeric materials condensation of gums and diolefins temperature extremes: minimum deterministic versus empirical modeling steady state versus dynamic model scale of modeling for multiphase reactors multiple regressions anova table regression coefficients table confidence intervals for slope coefficients test hypothesis of zero slope coefficients test of statistical significance test hypothesis on a regression parameter using the p-value approach using the critical value approach overall test of significance of the regression par predicted value of y given regressors the element potential method for chemical equilibr stanjan gas turbine engine calculation of the enthalpy of the reactants calculation of the adiabatic flame temperature calculation of the nozzle exit state pressure systems pressure protective devices pressure relief streams large water pumps properties of fluid calculation of duty axially split casing pumps horizontal vertical pumps electric motor drives fugitive emissions machine seals remakable joints pressure relief devices monitoring of fugitive emissions specification of function line reference nozzle size minimum design pressure reynolds number line size required temperature range equipment reference normal operating temperature alarm settings corresponding temperature maximum design pressure trip settings fluid velocity occupational exposure limits inhalation of vapors on chemical plants hygiene temperature extremes: maximum upstream pressure orifice restrictor upstream compressibility factor inlet fluid phase(s) flowrate upstream density downstream pressure operating temperature n-butane oxidation hazard study hazop reporting hazop process glossary haldor tops酶e combined reforming mgc combined reforming mgc conventional reforming lurgi combined reforming mw kellogg conventional reforming haldor tops酶e conventional reforming uhde conventional reforming uhde combined reforming synetix lcm inlet baffle design pre-reformer design pre-reforming technology outlet collector design catalyst drop out nozzle hold down grating floating hold down screen pre-reformer isolation thermowell design dewatering column aa grade methanol topping column refining column recovery column mechanisms space velocity hydrogen / hydrocarbon ratio reactor pressure feedstock yield heat and mass transfer parameters non-adiabatic reactor modeling non-isothermal shaft couplings for special purpose rotary machine gear tooth couplings diaphragm couplings elastomeric element couplings quill shaft couplings critical speeds limited end float coupling hub attachment h - acid caustic fusion stage reactor continuous vapor phase chlorination chemical system process chemistry kinetics experiments and modeling hazard studies concept hazard review feed project definition construction design verification pre-commissioning safety review project close-out post start-up review hazard review risk matrix hazdem hazcon structure of flocculated suspensions dilute suspensions concentrated suspensions structure of stable suspensions of monodisperse p rheological concepts rheology particle packing very concentrated systems submicron particles dilute flocculated systems effect of particle shape rheology of flocculated / aggregated systems effect of particle size distribution spherical particles of around 1 碌m colloidally stable suspensions low temperature shift catalyst reduction procedure high temperature shift catalyst reduction procedur low temperature shift catalyst reduction high and low temperature shift catalysts in-situ oxidation air-steam regeneration procedure oxygen in anhydrous ammonia anions ion chromatography ethane carbon dioxide gas chromatography nitrogen in natural gas determination of residue on evaporation in anhydro determination of diethanolamine;auto titrator centrifugal separation argon gc method hydrocarbons in anhydrous ammonia by gas chromatog residue and oil analytic chemistry plant analytical techniques gas analysis: determination of hydrogen sulfide b scale crossflow filtration constant pressure filtration constant rate filtration multiphase theory of filtration the range and selection of filtration equipment te the rate of consolidation degree of dewatering semi-empirical relations for constant pressure and the compression or consolidation of filter cakes cake filtration 鈥� models and mechanisms the rate of filtration through a compressible cake intermediate blocking classical theory for the permeability of porous ca cake filtration standard blocking the mechanism of simple filtration systems complete blocking the theory underlying filtration processes carbon formation in mixed feed preheat coils dispersion's surface forces stability and the state of dispersion of suspended mechanisms of flocculation centrifuge types tube wall temperature measurement on steam reforme tube temperature measurement best practices temperature measurement background temperature measurement top 鈥� fired reformer reformers side 鈥� fired and terrace wall reformer safety considerations coagulants flocculants surfactants dispersants inorganic salt coagulants basic principles suspensions processing test methods compressive yield stress the network modulus biological separation whole-organism case part-cell separations isolation of individual molecular species effective design and operation of a process for ha harvesting of mycoprotein for human consumption electrodewatering electrodecantation electro-dialysis harvesting and thickening of single cell protein dewatering of a specialty latex 鈥減rotein鈥� organism flocculation 鈥減rotein鈥� bacterial harvesting system nozzle characteristics theory of separation projet management epc catalyst reduction with methanol catalyst reduction by nh3 cracking reduction with lpg feed turbo blowers cost estimating determination of iron determination of argon in ammonia plant process ga the importance of sedimentation to suspension proc combustible mixture minimum ignition energy of gases premixed and diffusion flames flammability limits laminar and turbulent flames selfignition flammability limits: definition deflagration combustion of gaseous fuels flammability limits: examples flame structure glow explosion limit minimum energy of ignition detonation ignition phenomena types of combustible mixtures lean and rich flammability limits propagation of combustion amine gas treating inlet gas knockout absorber three phase flash tank lean/rich heat exchanger regenerator amine reclaimer degradation of amines and alkanolamines during sou arsano reducci贸n de gases - co 辞虫铆驳别苍辞 co2 h2 deberes de purificaci贸n hidrocarburos insaturados purificaci贸n mecanismos de reacci贸n eliminaci贸n de azufre eliminaci贸n de haluro mercurio oxigenadores preliminary engineering line diagrams process engineering process flow diagrams emergency isolation of chemical plants actuators hand operated emergency valves detection of leaks and fires emergency isolation when no remotely operated valv training operators to use emergency isolation valv downstream units steam reforming catalysts and tube metallurgy deactivation of methanol synthesis catalysts catalyst poisoning thermal sintering reactant induced deactivation claus sulfur recovery units zinc titanates partial combustion claus burner design burner operation burner maintenance good practice low nox equipment types of reformers combustion characteristics excess air/heater efficiency maintenance reformer burner types/design fcc catalyst b scission (cracking) hydrogen transfer sulfur removal from ngls oxidative coupling catalytic distillation shale liquids hydrocarbon gas purification hydrocarbon liquid purification refining petrochemical industries (iils) immobilized ionic liquids;shale gas sweeten industrial catalysis homogeneous catalysis extractive desulfurization extractive denitrogenation uprating options theory of carbon formation in steam reforming reforming reactions carbon formation chemistry natural gas carbon formation for naphtha feeds carbon gasification steam to carbon ratio el impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por e common problems affecting burners common problems affecting the fluegas duct common problems affecting refractory common problems affecting the tubes common problems affecting the furnace box primary reformer - best practices guide common miscellaneous problems common problems affecting the catalyst common problems affecting the header designs air quality standards accidental releases of heavy gases modeling the dispersion of oxides of nitrogen meteorological parameters gas dispersion monin-obukhov length pasquill - gifford methods sizing selection air receivers steam boilers and associated equipment isolation of relief systems statutory and other government approved requiremen and installation of pressure relief devices oxygen-blown secondary reformer operational aspects post-reforming uprating steam reformer "on-purpose" hydrogen production condensation thermal incineration voc control discharge measurement reduction of discharges to atmosphere of volatile biological filtration absorption abatement technology treatment of aqueous organic effluent streams waste minimization techniques (wmt) air stripping granular carbon reverse osmosis electrodialysis vent gas collection and destruction systems mechanisms for ozone formation process design of vent headers safe design of thermal oxidizers ammonia plant technology piping and vessels flushing and cleaning procedure pre-commissioning best practices chemical cleaning procedure steam blowing procedure pickling & passivation calculation of caloric value and other characteris calculation of an ammonia plant energy consumption steam arsine and other guards ifp (ccr) technology optimization unit revamps catalytic reforming technology ifp fixed-bed semi-regenerative parallel shaft gears flash temperature theory high precision gears pitch line velocity torsional compliance epicyclic gears thrust transfer system pressure syste avoiding stress corrosion cracking of carbon low chloride and caustic environments biobased products from biomass products from petroleum based feedstocks fracking unconventional oil and gas hydro-fracking methanol synthesis converter isothermal methanol converter rotary positive displacement pumps catalytic reaction heterogeneous reaction mechanisms mass transport and reactor design dehydrogenation carbonylation decarbonylation hydrosilylation cross coupling reactor temperature process variables dualforming reforming catalyst catalyst reforming process flow sheets (ccr) continuous catalytic regenerative reforming rz platforming semi regenerative reforming fixed bed reforming octanizing syngas process integration 鈥渞educing risk and increasing profitability鈥� conventional ammonia plant flow sheet conventional methanol plant flow sheet feed preparation (hds). feed preparation (saturato pre-reformer atr isothermal shift methanol synthesis loop converter problems catalyst problems operating problems on-line sulfiding pre-sulfiding vulcan series nimo catalyst vulcan series como catalyst synthesis gas applications vessel entry system start-up / shutdown / standby / upsets mercury guards chloride guards cycloproportion an vapor pressure an decomposition an density an deliquescence an surface tension ammonium nitrate (an) properties an freezing point an specific heat converter retrofit methanol casale advanced reactor concept (arc) casale isothermal methanol converter (imc) amines catalysis amines production processes amines reaction mechanisms amines applications amines stereochemistry centrifugal pumps basic nett positive suction head (npsh) flow / head rating sequence driver power rating casing pressure rating sealing considerations syngas production catalyst catastrophes nickel carbonyl pre-reduced catalysts discharging catalysts ammonia production primary reforming methanator reactor loading support media selective oxidation pumps for sodium hydroxide nickel and nickel alloys austenitic stainless steel aluminium alloys aluminium texaco gasifier lurgi methanol plant ge gasifier autothermal reforming gas heated reforming combined reforming coal-to-liquids fischer tropsch hydrocracker unit ht shift sour shift catalyst syn gas sour shift acid gas reactor catalyst shift reactor catalyst cos reactor catalyst adiabatic sweet shift isothermal sweet shift shale gas pre-treatment shale gas processing gtl pumps for ammonium nitrate service an thermal conductivity an detonation an viscosity an combustion powder mobility mixing free-flowing powders gas-solid-liquid mixing systems gas solid mixing gas-solid fluidized bed mixing in fluidized beds rate of mixing particle segregation mechanisms of mixing and segregation plenum chamber design spouted bed solids circulation gas mixing gas mixing: plug flow gas mixing: backmixed initial zone chemical treatment for cooling water particulate fouling crystallization scaling oxidizing biocides anodic inhibitors yellow metal inhibitors cathodic inhibitors combined inhibitors microbiological fouling non oxidizing biocides water treatment for cooling water choice of cooling system 鈥榦nce through' cooling systems open evaporative recirculating systems closed recirculating systems comparison of cooling systems design of gas-liquid static mixers bubble column jet-mixed vessel thin film in-line dynamic mixer dough mixer jet ejectors multi-pipe gas sparger agitators vessel geometry mixing of solid-liquid systems agitated vessels suspension of heavier-than-liquid solids dispersion agitator speed correlation floating solids jet mixing for solid liquid agitation mixing of immiscible liquids agitated tanks flow mixers 'high shear' mixers interfacial tension density design for complete dispersion prediction of phase inversion design for mass transfer hold-up in continuous vessels reynolds number ranges standard tank configuration solids mixing mixing cohesive powders deposition normal force measurement oscillatory shear measurements turbulent flow of non-newtonian fluids description of anomalous effects drag reduction in suspensions delay by polymeric materials wall slip transition delay by polymeric materials design procedure for pressure drop in turbulent p drag reduction in polymeric materials pressure drop in the absence of wall slip and dra pipe fittings pipe roughness laminar flow of non-newtonian fluids rheological behavior of purely viscous non-newton experimental characterization rheological models use of shear stress 鈥� shear rate data entrances losses expansion effects tubular viscometer data losses in pipe fittings contraction losses bends velocity profiles effect of wall slip velocity profile from experimental flow-curve velocity profile from rheological model residence time distribution overflows and gravity drainage systems designing for flooded flow biological growth scaling data sources for calculating chemical reaction equ pressure surge in liquid systems consequences of pressure surges estimation of the sonic velocity pipeline period vapor cavity formation complex piping systems reflections and attenuations moderately rapid changes in flowrate rigid liquid column theory sudden changes in flowrate calculation of peak pressures forces on pipe supports interpretation and correlation of viscometric data non-newtonian fluid behavior classification of non-newtonian fluids viscometer measurements for time-independent flui concentric cylinder viscometers estimate of process shear rate parallel plate viscometer tube or capillary viscometer checks for consistency of data and interpretation cone and plate viscometers direct use of numerical data power law bingham plastic rheological models involving temperature dependenc elongational viscosity measurement stress relaxation design of feedback control systems composition control use and applications of membranes membrane types and polymers used microfiltration and ultrafiltration gas separation and vapor permeation salt splitting electrolysis batch distillation choice of batch/continuous operation method of design scope of calculations required for design boiling point curve and cut policy simple batch distillation fractional batch distillation occupation initial estimate of cut policy total reflux operation and heating-up time column operating pressure choice of batch rectification or stripping batch size liquid holdup mccabe - thiele method complex columns and heat integration distillation sequences troubleshooting in distillation columns capacity problems efficiency problems auxiliary equipment effect of other units on column performance improper operating conditions baffle trays dualflow valve trays sieve trays bubble cap trays distillation trays two-stage liquid distributor deep vacuum hydraulic capacity mass transfer efficiency flow regimes on trays two liquid phases scale effects design and simulation of continuous distillation c sharp separations sloppy separations laboratory distillation oldershaw columns start up procedure experimental equipment shut down procedure vle data - selection and use diagrammatic representation of ideal and non-idea ideal behavior in both phases liquid phase non-idealities special models high pressure systems control of continuous distillation columns reboiler control pressure and condensation control mass balance control column control system flammability of dust clouds methods of protection thermal stability ignition equilibrium moisture content dynamic method : equilibrium moisture content rig desorption isotherms spray drying hybrid dryers feedstock atomization feedstock preparation safety aspects temperature sensitive products product collection microstructure of dried particles mixing guides mixing and agitation manual mixing time phase separation mixing mechanisms molecular diffusion shear and elongation bulk movement turbulent diffusion mixing of gas liquid systems design of bubble columns fluid interface and reaction effects mass transfer and voidage mixing patterns design of gas-liquid stirred vessels stirred vessel fluid separation extractive distillatio azeotropic distillation fractional distillation liquid membranes ultrafiltration dissociation extraction clathration supercritical fluid extraction fractional crystallization gas permeation foam fractionation chromatography graphical representation of liquid-liquid phase eq composition diagrams ternary systems with immiscible liquids graphical design using ternary diagrams psychrometry psychrometric charts grosvenor chart microwave and radio frequency drying microwaves hazards microwaves transmission microwaves heating microwaves generation microwaves general microwaves drying microwaves drying systems fire and explosion hazards in dryers explosion prevention explosion protection process gas composition clearance volume variation bypass standby machines droplets in suspension molecular weight variation inlet line cut-off valve inlet line throttle valve lubricated air compressors operating and maintenance procedures required to avoid fires and explosions protection against crank case explosions methanol distillation column the removal of organic and inorganic compounds industrial gases cleaning catalytic solutions environmental pollution control regenerative thermal oxidation fixed bed adsorption direct thermal oxidation selective non-catalytic reduction selective catalytic reduction a comprehensive guide to controlling h2s emissions associated and shale gas upgrading claus process chemical oxidants caustic scrubbers caustic scrubbers amine absorption units amine absorption units h2s scavengers mcfc (molten carbonate fuel cells) afc (alkaline fuel cell) spfc (solid polymer fuel cell) pafc (phosphoric acid fuel cell) pcfc (proton conducting fuel cell) sofc (solid oxide fuel cells) fixed bed reactor scale-up checklist chemical process conception product strategy batch vs continuous reaction and reactor multiple reactors recycle structure effect of recycle classification of chemicals estimation of conversion heat effects conversion-yield effects kinetic effects separation system compressor type reliability classification driver considerations gas dryness hybrid regulation systems polymer deposit compressibility variation particulate contamination gas solution in lubricating oil for cylinder and g speed variation compressor inlet valve lifter liquid-phase oxidation systems multiple stage having more than one impeller multiple stage having more than one impeller use of compressor characteristics in throughput r dynamic considerations control schemes including surge protection mechanism and effects of surge system equipment specifications inlet guide vane units vibration detection devices protection against over pressure critical machine systems dynamic pumps dynamic compressors and blowers positive displacement machines special considerations for dry vacuum pumps sealless pumps displacement measuring devices dynamic machines protection against high or low temperature pulsation dampers knock-out pots gearboxes condition monitoring gas turbines/expanders and steam turbines oil lubricated plain bearings and lubricating oil large electric motors and alternators centrifuges seals and sealant systems inert gas analysis inert gas in anhydrous ammonia carbon monoxide in anhydrous ammonia h2s scavengers liquid-phase oxidation systems h2s scavengers liquid-phase oxidation systems physical solvents liquid-phase oxidation systems physical solvents physical solvents biological methods materials used for h2s adsorption biological methods materials used for h2s adsorption polymers metal oxides sludge derived adsorbents distillation systems two column system cast white metal bearings method of calculating reflectance inspection of bond for seal rings machining witnessed inspection tinning bond soundness white metal cleaning procedure thickness surface backing material anti-surge protection single compressor stage fans axial compressors liquid ring compressors screw compressors sliding vane compressors positive displacement blowers fan and compressor applications how to use the gbhe reactor technology guides solid catalyzed reactions transport limitations effective rate constant reaction kinetic equation berty reactor langmuir - hinshelwood kinetics effective diffusivity laboratory microreactors homogeneous reactors modeling of ideal reactor types residence time and flow pattern gas reactors - plug flow costing gas reactors - backmixed or batch liquid reactors - low viscosity spinning cone thin-film reactor continuous flow liquid phase reactions jet-mixed reactor vessel z-blade mixer backmixed gas reactor in-line flow mixers extruder designing non-flooded pipelines estimation of pressure drop in pipe systems static and stagnation pressures incompressible flow in pipes of constant cross-se sonic flow equation for pressure change in a flowing fluid estimation of pressure drop for adiabatic flow in ratio of isothermal to adiabatic pressure drop orifices nozzles and venturis mixing of miscible liquids jet mixed vessels mechanically agitated vessels tubular ('flow') mixers power requirements mixing time for liquids in stirred tanks vortex formation and surface entrainment in unbaff heat-transfer in stirred vessels flow and circulation jet mixed tanks tubular jet flow mixers for miscible liquids motionless mixers correlations mixer design examination of critical centrifugal fans and blowe centrifugal blowers general purpose fans reasons for critical class critical classification for high substance hazard integration of special purpose centrifugal fans in the preliminary choice of fan or compressor liquid reactors - high viscosity direct measurement of reaction kinetics liquid flow patterns laboratory gas-liquid reactor experiments gas flow pattern : mean driving force for mass tra scale of mixing gas-liquid reactor modeling bubble columns packed columns scale-up and specification of gas-liquid reactors solid catalyzed gas phase reactor selection radial flow reactors divided bed reactors moving bed reactors adiabatic reactors single bed reactors tube cooled reactors tubular reactor with external heating/cooling non adiabatic reactors hot/cold shot reactors autothermal reactors radial flow reactors with intercooling divided bed reactors with intercooling fluid bed reactors reactor and catalyst design voidage pellet density equivalent pellet diameter thiele modulus novel reactor technology fuel cells dmfc (direct methanol fuel cell) scraped-film reactor gas phase reactions loop reactor stirred vessel reactor residence time distribution data reaction is first order reaction is second order models based on method of moments micromixing and macromixing physical properties and thermochemistry for reacto hess's law standard states heats of formation determination of heats of reaction analogous reactions heat of formation data compilations estimation of standard heats of formation heats of neutralization temperature effect on heat of reaction calculation of heats of solution / dilution estimation of heats of solution and mixing integral and differential heats gas - liquid reactors equipment for low viscosity liquids equipment for high viscosity liquids modification for exothermic and complex reactions rate and yield determining steps chemical and physical rates preliminary selection of reactor type experimental determination of regime equilibrium and diffusivity causes of relief situations