Chemistry and Energy
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This short presentation was created by the website www.gyanbikash.com to provide information for students in classes nine and ten. It welcomed the viewers to the site and thanked them at the end, signing off by saying goodbye.
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Ketoacidosis (diabetes, starvation, alcohol)
Renal failure (uremia accumulation of phosphates, sulfates)
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Salicylates (aspirin overdose)
2. Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (NAGMA)
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Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)
Ureterosigmoidostomy
Early renal failure
Acetazolamide use
Pathophysiology
In metabolic acidosis, the body responds by:
Respiratory compensation: Hyperventilation to blow off CO (Kussmaul respiration)
Renal compensation (if intact): Increased acid excretion and HCO regeneration
If compensation fails or the acidosis is severe, cellular enzyme systems become impaired, leading to:
Decreased myocardial contractility
Arrhythmias
CNS depression
Hyperkalemia (K shifts out of cells)
Clinical Features
Symptoms may vary depending on the underlying cause, but common signs include:
Rapid, deep breathing (Kussmaul respiration)
Fatigue and weakness
Confusion or lethargy
Nausea and vomiting
Hypotension and shock (in severe cases)
Diagnosis
1. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG):
Low pH (<7.35)
Low HCO
Compensatory PaCO
2. Anion Gap Calculation
Determines whether it is HAGMA or NAGMA
3. Serum electrolytes, renal function tests, lactate, and ketone bodies
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