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Euthanasia

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Euthanasia refers to the act of intentionally ending a life to relieve suffering. It is classified as either voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary based on patient consent. Passive euthanasia involves withholding treatment while active euthanasia uses lethal means to end life. Western perspectives view euthanasia as acceptable in limited circumstances with patient consent to relieve suffering from terminal illness. Some jurisdictions have legalized voluntary euthanasia with guidelines. The Islamic perspective is that only Allah can create and take life. Euthanasia is forbidden as it usurps Allah's authority. The only option is to pray for a good life or death. Islam considers euthanasia

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EUTHANASIA NUR AZREEN ARSHAD 1212454 RAZEENA RAHUMATHULLAH 1216610 NOR AZRAH MOHD SALIM 1217826 HABIBAH HANIM MOHMED
1.0 DEFINITION
1 2 Euthanasia basically means mercy killing where it is the act of letting someone, who is terminally ill or who is suffering great pain, to die by way of medication or without it. Oxford English Dictionary defines euthanasia by incorporating suffering as a necessary condition - the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma.
3 4 Michael Wreen argued that the principal thing that distinguishes euthanasia from intentional killing is the agents motive: it must be a good motive insofar as the good of the person killed is concerned Draper - an agent and a subject; an intention; a causal proximity, such that the actions of the agent lead to the outcome; and an outcome.
5 Hence, her version of the meaning of euthanasia incorporating the four elements is must be defined as death that results from the intention of one person to kill another person, using the most gentle and painless means possible, that is motivated solely by the best interests of the person who dies.
Euthanasia
2.0 HISTORY OF EUTHANASIA
Euthanasia comes from the Greek words, eu (good) and thanatosis (death) and it means good death, gentle and easy death. First recorded use of the word euthanasia was by Suetonius, a Roman historian, in his De Vita Caesarum--Divus Augustus (The Lives of the Caesars--The Deified Augustus) to describe the death of Augustus Caesar:
"...while he was asking some newcomers from the city about the daughter of Drusus, who was ill, he suddenly passed away as he was kissing Livia, uttering these last words: "Live mindful of our wedlock, Livia, and farewell," thus blessed with an easy death and such a one as he had always longed for. For almost always, on hearing that anyone had died swiftly and painlessly, he prayed that he and his might have a like euthanasia, for that was the term he was wont to use Augustus' death while termed "a euthanasia" was not hastened by the actions of any other person.
In Mesopotamia, Assyrian physicians forbade euthanasia. Again in the old times incurable patients were drowned in the River Ganges in India. In ancient Israel, some books wrote that frankincense was given to kill incurable patients. Jewish society, following the teaching of the Bible and the sixth command "thou shall not kill", had rejected centuries ago every theory on shortening the life of handicapped or disadvantaged people. Judaism considered life to be sacred and equated suicide and euthanasia with murder.
In the Middle Ages in Europe, Christian teaching opposed euthanasia for the same reason as Judaism. Christianity brought more respect to human beings. Accordingly, every individual has the right to live since God creates human beings and they belong to Him and not themselves. Death is for God to decree, not man. Like Judeo-Christian teaching, Islam also teaches that God is the only one who creates and the only one who may take life away
CLASSIFICATION OF EUTHANASIA
Classification of Euthanasia There are two main type of euthanasia: Voluntary Euthanasia Involutary Euthanasia Active euthanasia Passive euthanasia
Voluntary Euthanasia Conducted with the informed consent of the patient. Refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner Physician - Assisted Suicide - an individual(doctor) helps another person die upon their wanting to do so-also helps for euthanasia
The term assisted suicide has several different interpretations. Perhaps the most widely used and accepted is "the intentional hastening of death by a terminally ill patient with assistance from a doctor, relative, or another person". Some people will insist that something along the lines of "in order relieve intractable (persistent, unstoppable) suffering" needs to be added to the meaning, while others insist that "terminally ill patient" already includes that meaning.
Involuntary euthanasia Conducted against the will or consent of the patient Can be made by another person Considered as crime in legal jurisdictions
passive Passive Euthanasia - When life-sustaining treatments are suspended. - Entails the withholding of common treatments, such as antibiotics, necessary for the continuance of life.
Active euthanasia - Active euthanasia entails the use of lethal substances or forces to kill and is the most controversial means. - Includes life-ending actions conducted by the patient or somebody else.
Euthanasia has been a very debatable and emotive topic for a long time. Based on the latest reports and data, active euthanasia is much more controversial subject than passive euthanasia. Individuals are tightening with religious, moral and ethical and compassionate arguments surrounding the issue.
CASE: Deaf Twins Who Discovered They Were Going Blind And Would Never See Each Other Again Are Euthanized In Belgian Hospital A pair of identical twins, who were born deaf, has been killed by Belgian doctors after seeking euthanasia when they found out they would also soon go blind.
WESTERN PERSPECTIVE LEGAL STATUS OF EUTHANASIA
WESTERN PERSPECTIVE Different from Islamic point of view Acceptable only when real fight with death begins, or when the sick patient is not capable of any action
3 circumstances when it is applicable 1st 2nd People who were doomed due to an incurable disease or grievous injury and they realized their position and consented to euthanasia 3rd People who suffered from unrecoverable mental infirmity and their life became pointless as they had no will to live or to die People who were mentally healthy but due to some accident, they lost their consciousness and in case of regaining, they would find themselves in a tragic situation
ARGUMENTS 1) Declaration of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith which states directly that: when a threat of death exists, which cannot be avoided with available means, one is allowed according to ones own conscience to refuse treatment which may only bring uncertain and painful extension of life".
2) It is not considered euthanasia but resignation from persistent treatment. 3) Only a patient suffering from a disease where there are no chances of being cured may petition for this mercy killing
Two main obstacles need to be cleared before legalizing euthanasia: - 1) Consent to death - Sound mind and capable of conducting legal actions (having legal capacity) may give consent to death by way euthanasia. - Consent cannot be expressed under the influence of a threat, mistake or under physical or mental pressure and under the consent of the other party for the sake of appearances.
2) Dignity of human being - Article 16 of the Civil Code states that: "law guarantees primacy of a human being, prohibiting any kind of violation of his/her dignity and guaranteeing the respect of a human being since the beginning of his/her life.
Criminal Code allows the implementation of euthanasia on two circumstances. when a strong motivation pressure on the part of an offender exists and this means really justified reasons for compassion towards the victim, when such a situation exists where therapy, often extensive one, only makes agony longer and the patient's pain is more than he/she can stand.
However, there are no guidelines in determining the physical and mental state of the patient which could justify such great compassion ending in murder. This is where de lege ferenda comes into play. De lege ferenda demands a complete and detailed reasons to commute the sentence concerning euthanasia so that malpractice could be prevented and protection would be given to the suffering persons against actions aimed at shortening their pain against their will.
LEGAL STATUS OF EUTHANASIA Euthanasia is prohibited in most countries worldwide. Nonetheless, end-of-life debates tend to occur more in North America, Europe, and Australia than they do in Asia, Africa, South America, and the Middle East, although there are exceptions to this trend. Countries which legalize Euthanasia Belgium Luxemborg The Netherlands
Countries in which Euthanasia is illegal United Kingdom, Spain, Russia, Switzerland, Italy, Canada, Germany, India, Israel Countries in which the ruling is still unclear - Japan - Colombia
ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE LEGAL STATUS OF EUTHANASIA
The belief in Islam is that Allah has Absolute authority over all Creations. He creates life (An Nahl: 78) And He is the one who takes them (Ali Imran: 145)
Euthanasia
It is forbidden to long for death But due to mans weak nature, some succumb to the pain of his injuries, and his suffering is too much to bear The only option given is to pray to Allah, according to the hadith below Hadith: It has been narrated on the authority of Anas Ibn Malik (ra) that the Messenger of Allah (saw) said: None of you shall wish for death on account of an injury which afflicted him if there is no alternative, let him pray: Oh Allah! Give me life so long as life is good for me and take my life when death is good for me (Agreed upon)
Hence, the only thing he can do is pray to Allah: whether to grant him life, if its whats best for him, or give him death, if that is also what is best for him Thus, we can see that death must come naturally Only Allah has the prerogative to take a life Hence, euthanasia, either active or passive, is illegal in Islam It is a crime of murder and, in certain circumstances, considered as committing suicide The punishment in the Akhirah will be severe
Jazakalla h khair

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Euthanasia

  • 1. EUTHANASIA NUR AZREEN ARSHAD 1212454 RAZEENA RAHUMATHULLAH 1216610 NOR AZRAH MOHD SALIM 1217826 HABIBAH HANIM MOHMED
  • 3. 1 2 Euthanasia basically means mercy killing where it is the act of letting someone, who is terminally ill or who is suffering great pain, to die by way of medication or without it. Oxford English Dictionary defines euthanasia by incorporating suffering as a necessary condition - the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma.
  • 4. 3 4 Michael Wreen argued that the principal thing that distinguishes euthanasia from intentional killing is the agents motive: it must be a good motive insofar as the good of the person killed is concerned Draper - an agent and a subject; an intention; a causal proximity, such that the actions of the agent lead to the outcome; and an outcome.
  • 5. 5 Hence, her version of the meaning of euthanasia incorporating the four elements is must be defined as death that results from the intention of one person to kill another person, using the most gentle and painless means possible, that is motivated solely by the best interests of the person who dies.
  • 8. Euthanasia comes from the Greek words, eu (good) and thanatosis (death) and it means good death, gentle and easy death. First recorded use of the word euthanasia was by Suetonius, a Roman historian, in his De Vita Caesarum--Divus Augustus (The Lives of the Caesars--The Deified Augustus) to describe the death of Augustus Caesar:
  • 9. "...while he was asking some newcomers from the city about the daughter of Drusus, who was ill, he suddenly passed away as he was kissing Livia, uttering these last words: "Live mindful of our wedlock, Livia, and farewell," thus blessed with an easy death and such a one as he had always longed for. For almost always, on hearing that anyone had died swiftly and painlessly, he prayed that he and his might have a like euthanasia, for that was the term he was wont to use Augustus' death while termed "a euthanasia" was not hastened by the actions of any other person.
  • 10. In Mesopotamia, Assyrian physicians forbade euthanasia. Again in the old times incurable patients were drowned in the River Ganges in India. In ancient Israel, some books wrote that frankincense was given to kill incurable patients. Jewish society, following the teaching of the Bible and the sixth command "thou shall not kill", had rejected centuries ago every theory on shortening the life of handicapped or disadvantaged people. Judaism considered life to be sacred and equated suicide and euthanasia with murder.
  • 11. In the Middle Ages in Europe, Christian teaching opposed euthanasia for the same reason as Judaism. Christianity brought more respect to human beings. Accordingly, every individual has the right to live since God creates human beings and they belong to Him and not themselves. Death is for God to decree, not man. Like Judeo-Christian teaching, Islam also teaches that God is the only one who creates and the only one who may take life away
  • 13. Classification of Euthanasia There are two main type of euthanasia: Voluntary Euthanasia Involutary Euthanasia Active euthanasia Passive euthanasia
  • 14. Voluntary Euthanasia Conducted with the informed consent of the patient. Refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner Physician - Assisted Suicide - an individual(doctor) helps another person die upon their wanting to do so-also helps for euthanasia
  • 15. The term assisted suicide has several different interpretations. Perhaps the most widely used and accepted is "the intentional hastening of death by a terminally ill patient with assistance from a doctor, relative, or another person". Some people will insist that something along the lines of "in order relieve intractable (persistent, unstoppable) suffering" needs to be added to the meaning, while others insist that "terminally ill patient" already includes that meaning.
  • 16. Involuntary euthanasia Conducted against the will or consent of the patient Can be made by another person Considered as crime in legal jurisdictions
  • 17. passive Passive Euthanasia - When life-sustaining treatments are suspended. - Entails the withholding of common treatments, such as antibiotics, necessary for the continuance of life.
  • 18. Active euthanasia - Active euthanasia entails the use of lethal substances or forces to kill and is the most controversial means. - Includes life-ending actions conducted by the patient or somebody else.
  • 19. Euthanasia has been a very debatable and emotive topic for a long time. Based on the latest reports and data, active euthanasia is much more controversial subject than passive euthanasia. Individuals are tightening with religious, moral and ethical and compassionate arguments surrounding the issue.
  • 20. CASE: Deaf Twins Who Discovered They Were Going Blind And Would Never See Each Other Again Are Euthanized In Belgian Hospital A pair of identical twins, who were born deaf, has been killed by Belgian doctors after seeking euthanasia when they found out they would also soon go blind.
  • 22. WESTERN PERSPECTIVE Different from Islamic point of view Acceptable only when real fight with death begins, or when the sick patient is not capable of any action
  • 23. 3 circumstances when it is applicable 1st 2nd People who were doomed due to an incurable disease or grievous injury and they realized their position and consented to euthanasia 3rd People who suffered from unrecoverable mental infirmity and their life became pointless as they had no will to live or to die People who were mentally healthy but due to some accident, they lost their consciousness and in case of regaining, they would find themselves in a tragic situation
  • 24. ARGUMENTS 1) Declaration of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith which states directly that: when a threat of death exists, which cannot be avoided with available means, one is allowed according to ones own conscience to refuse treatment which may only bring uncertain and painful extension of life".
  • 25. 2) It is not considered euthanasia but resignation from persistent treatment. 3) Only a patient suffering from a disease where there are no chances of being cured may petition for this mercy killing
  • 26. Two main obstacles need to be cleared before legalizing euthanasia: - 1) Consent to death - Sound mind and capable of conducting legal actions (having legal capacity) may give consent to death by way euthanasia. - Consent cannot be expressed under the influence of a threat, mistake or under physical or mental pressure and under the consent of the other party for the sake of appearances.
  • 27. 2) Dignity of human being - Article 16 of the Civil Code states that: "law guarantees primacy of a human being, prohibiting any kind of violation of his/her dignity and guaranteeing the respect of a human being since the beginning of his/her life.
  • 28. Criminal Code allows the implementation of euthanasia on two circumstances. when a strong motivation pressure on the part of an offender exists and this means really justified reasons for compassion towards the victim, when such a situation exists where therapy, often extensive one, only makes agony longer and the patient's pain is more than he/she can stand.
  • 29. However, there are no guidelines in determining the physical and mental state of the patient which could justify such great compassion ending in murder. This is where de lege ferenda comes into play. De lege ferenda demands a complete and detailed reasons to commute the sentence concerning euthanasia so that malpractice could be prevented and protection would be given to the suffering persons against actions aimed at shortening their pain against their will.
  • 30. LEGAL STATUS OF EUTHANASIA Euthanasia is prohibited in most countries worldwide. Nonetheless, end-of-life debates tend to occur more in North America, Europe, and Australia than they do in Asia, Africa, South America, and the Middle East, although there are exceptions to this trend. Countries which legalize Euthanasia Belgium Luxemborg The Netherlands
  • 31. Countries in which Euthanasia is illegal United Kingdom, Spain, Russia, Switzerland, Italy, Canada, Germany, India, Israel Countries in which the ruling is still unclear - Japan - Colombia
  • 33. The belief in Islam is that Allah has Absolute authority over all Creations. He creates life (An Nahl: 78) And He is the one who takes them (Ali Imran: 145)
  • 35. It is forbidden to long for death But due to mans weak nature, some succumb to the pain of his injuries, and his suffering is too much to bear The only option given is to pray to Allah, according to the hadith below Hadith: It has been narrated on the authority of Anas Ibn Malik (ra) that the Messenger of Allah (saw) said: None of you shall wish for death on account of an injury which afflicted him if there is no alternative, let him pray: Oh Allah! Give me life so long as life is good for me and take my life when death is good for me (Agreed upon)
  • 36. Hence, the only thing he can do is pray to Allah: whether to grant him life, if its whats best for him, or give him death, if that is also what is best for him Thus, we can see that death must come naturally Only Allah has the prerogative to take a life Hence, euthanasia, either active or passive, is illegal in Islam It is a crime of murder and, in certain circumstances, considered as committing suicide The punishment in the Akhirah will be severe