際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

Enbis presentation(2)

Igor Barahona
Igor Barahona

The document summarizes a research project on developing a methodology for using applied statistics to gain competitive advantage. It includes the following key points: 1. The research aims to create a quantitative scale to rank Catalonian companies on their use of data exploitation, competitive advantage, management support, and systematic thinking. 2. It will apply the scale to sample companies to understand their capacity for applying statistics to decision making and find associations between variables. 3. The methodology includes developing a draft 5-level scale, distributing a questionnaire, and conducting in-depth interviews and case studies to validate the scale.

1 of 41
Download to read offline
Research Project Methodology for scaling Applied Statistics as Competitive Advantage Igor BARAHONA TORRES. And Alex RIBA CIVIL 06 /09/2011 1
IN THIS PRESENTATION. INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE ART RESEARCH OBJECTIVES THE DRAFT OF A SCALE THE METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS 2
IN THIS PRESENTATION. INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE ART RESEARCH OBJECTIVES THE DRAFT OF A SCALE THE METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS 3
INTRODUCTION At first, some basic information about Catalonia is provided Catalonia is located in the north East of Spain It is composed for 4 regions Population 47,150,819 Catalonia represents around 16% of the total population of Spain 441,858 756,293 810,564 5,526,536 7,535,251 Around 73% of Catalonia's population live in Barcelona Lleida Girona Tarragona Barcelona Catalu単a Espa単a IDESCAT & lNE (2011) 4
INTRODUCTION BETTER INFORMATION SYSTEMS. (MRP, CRM, ERP, etc) WHAT IS THE MORE COMPLEXITY AND UNCERTAINTY BUSINESS MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT INTERNET IS AVAILABLE FOR MOST LIKE TODAY? OF THE COMPANIES MORE POWERFUL COMPUTERS BIGGER AMOUNT OF DATA AVAILABLE FOR ANALYSIS Burby & Atchison (2007), Petroni & Braglia. (2000) & Roberts (1990) 5
INTRODUCTION THE POINT IS.......... IF COMPANIES HAVE MORE DATA AND BETTER INFORMATION SYSTEMS HOW CAN HIGHER PROFITS BE OBTAINED? 6
STATE OF THE ART INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE ART RESEARCH OBJECTIVES THE DRAFT OF A SCALE THE METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS 7
WHAT IS APPLIED STATISTICS IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT? APPLIED STATISTICS IN BUSINESS. WHAT IT IS? One approach is to understand it as a process with INPUTS and OUTPUTS. Extensive use of data and INPUTS statistical methods To understand the past performance OUTPUTS To reduce uncertainty To forecast the future and to predict behaviors. Better decision making ADDED VALUE Evidence-based decision making 8
. THERE ARE 4 KEY ELEMENTS TO SUCCESS Emergence Hierarchy 1 Systematic Thinking Communication Jackson (1992) & Yeo (1993) Control. To remove obstacles To provide the 2 Management technical human and support financial resources McDonough (2000), Banks (1993) & To encourage the staff Deming (2000) to be involved in the project 9
THERE ARE 4 KEY ELEMENTS TO SUCCESS Cost Leadership. 3 Niche strategies Competitive advantage Differentiation Porter (1998) Privileged location Integration from multiple sources Efficiency in Data structure 4 Data exploitation Accessibility to data Davenport. & Harris (2007). Evantage Consulting & Security and privacy Janis, A. (2008) 10
HOW DO THESE KEY FACTORS INTERACT? DATA COMPETITIVE EXPLOITATION ADVANTAGE ASBM MANAGEMENT SYSTEMATIC SUPPORT THINKING 11
WHICH AREAS USE MORE APPLIED STATISTICS? INSIDE THE COMPANY 12
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE ART RESEARCH OBJECTIVES THE DRAFT OF A SCALE THE METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS 13
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1. To create a quantitative scale for ranking a sample of Catalonian Companies according to their 1) Data exploitation with statistical tools, 2) Competitive advantage, 3) Management support and 4) Systematic thinking 2. To apply the created scale on a previously defined sample of Catalonian Companies, in order to know their capacity for applying statistics to decision making 3. To find out associations between each analysed variable. The impact of data exploitation, Competitive advantage, Management support and Systematic thinking on decision making 4. To validate the methodology to upgrade companies on the proposed scale and to make applied statistics a competitive advantage 14
THE DRAFT OF ONE SCALE INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE ART RESEARCH OBJECTIVES THE DRAFT OF ONE SCALE THE METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS 15
SOME BASIC IDEAS OF ONE POSSIBLE SCALE HIGHLIGHTS 1. The proposed scale has 5 possible levels 2. At level 1 we find companies that do not use any statistical methods 3. At level 5 we find companies that use applied statistics as a strategic support for their competitive advantage. 4. At levels 2, 3 and 4 we find companies that are improving their use of statistical methods 5. A survey, in depth interviews and on site study cases will be used to validate the scale 16
SOME BASIC IDEAS OF ONE POSSIBLE SCALE NAME DESCRIPTION TARGET STATISTICAL Decision making process is based To pick up reliable and valid IGNORANCE. mainly on past experience and data 1 subjective evidence LOCAL AND Statistics support only specific To increase and improve INDIVIDUAL activities in the company. Those interactions between local EFFORTS efforts are usually isolated with applications 2 local impact. STATISTICAL The first level of using statistics as To develop use of 4 key ASPIRATIONS Competitive Advantage. drivers to improve business 3 Leadership, Systematic Thinking results and Data Quality are introduced. STATISTICAL All decisions in the company are To make sure that statistics is 4 ENGINEERING made through Statistical analysis used at Strategic, Tactical and Operative levels. STATISTICS AS Mastering the use of statistics,. It To obtain the leadership in 5 COMPETITIVE provides important support to the market. ADVANTAGE develop a successful competitive advantage
THE METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE ART RESEARCH OBJECTIVES THE DRAFT OF ONE SCALE THE QUESTIONNAIRE THE METHODOLOGY IN DEPTH INTERVIEWS ON SITE CASE STUDIES CONCLUSIONS 18
THE METHODOLOGY THE METHODOLOGY THE QUESTIONNAIRE IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS ON-SITE CASES STUDIES 19
THE QUESTIONNAIRE THE METHODOLOGY THE QUESTIONNAIRE IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS ON-SITE CASES STUDIES 20
THE QUESTIONNAIRE This is the questionnaire s structure There are 7 sections and 48 ITEMS in the questionnaire, as it is shown in the following table: number of section ITEMS General information about the company 4 Competitive Advantage 3 Data exploitation and usage 5 Management support 5 Systemacic Thinking 5 Statistical Methods inventory 19 Company卒s departments 11 Total 48 https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/surveyEAGE_english 21
WHO IS IT BEING SENT TO? Number of Response Target Group size responses rate 1,264 6 0.05% Investigar en Espa単a 425 6 1.4% Estad鱈stica para todos 237 5 2.1% Investigaci坦n y Estad鱈stica 250 27 11% 1,003 38 3.8% 1003 questionnaires were sent in the last 2 month 82 questionnaires were received by August 31 Questionnaires still need to be sent to 5208 companies 22
IS OUR QUESTIONNAIRE VALID AND RELIABLE? CONBRACHS ALPHA This is how Cronbachs Alpha is interpreted: Cronbach (1951), Hern叩ndez (2006) Condesa, (2000) & Castro, P.L. (1989) 23
IS OUR INSTRUMENT VALID AND RELIABLE? Here we have Cronbach s values for each section 0.6062 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 0.8857 DATA EXPLOITATION 0.8806 MANAGEMENT SUPPORT 0.7420 SYSTEMATIC THINKING 0.9544 TECHNICAL STATISTICS INVENTORY The calculations of Cronbachs values allowed us to guarantee that our questionnaire is reliable. 24
IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS THE METHODOLOGY THE QUESTIONNAIRE IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS ON-SITE CASES STUDIES 25
IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS To validate or refute the findings of the questionnaire To include in the research, issues that are neither evident in the WHY DO WE literature nor the questionnaire. DO DEPTH INTERVIEWS? To find aspects of Applied Statistics which are undetectable with the questionnaire To find perception from Business s owners, Managers and Academics The concepts developed by French , Maule y & Papamichail (2009) will be used for designing and preparing the interview The Multicriteria Decisions Analysis used by Nutt, King y Lawrence (2010) is also taken as reference for carrying out the interviews 26
IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS In the following table shows how interviews are classified according to the type of stakeholder The total number of interviews is not definitive and it will be altered according the homogeneity of the responses obtained 27
ON-SITE CASES STUDIES THE METHODOLOGY THE QUESTIONNAIRE IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS ON-SITE CASES STUDIES 28
ON-SITE CASES STUDIES The survey and interviews will be the input for the methodology that can be implemented in three study cases. To validate or refute the findings obtained with questionnaires and interviews To implement the key drivers for the WHY DO WE increase in the use of applied statistics DO ON-SITE CASES To replicate and to reproduce the key STUDIES? elements identified To build a practical and helpful methodology accessible to any Consultant, Practitioner or Academic 29
ON-SITE CASES STUDIES FLOW CHART This is the flow chart that will be used for carrying out the on-site cases studies To maintain and to improve Level 5 To keep records Actions to To replicate upgrade To standardize from L4 to Management INITIAL Level 4 L5 support ASSESSMENT Systematic Actions to Thinking upgrade YES from L3 to Data One level at exploitation FINAL Is it Level 3 L4 ASSESSMENT improved? the scale and usage Actions to Competitive upgrade advantage NO from L2 to L3 Statistical Level 2 Methods Actions to inventory To review upgrade To identify from L1 to To point out Level 1 L2 30
THE CONCLUSIONS INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE ART RESEARCH OBJECTIVES THE DRAFT OF ONE SCALE THE METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS 31
FIRST ROUND CONCLUSIONS THERE IS EVIDENCE TO DEMONSTRATE THE RISING OF THE USE OF APPLIED STATISTICS IN BUSINESS IN THE LAST 20 YEARS THIS REPRESENTS A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY FOR COMPANIES WE ARE WORKING WITH A QUESTIONNAIRE THAT IS VALID AND RELIABLE THIS METHODOLOGY WILL BE A UNIQUE TOOL FOR THE INCREASE IN THE USE OF APPLIED STATISTICS IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 32
THE END OF PRESENTATION THANKS! 33
CHECKING AND TESTING RADAR CHART S. Thinking S. Thinking C. Advantage M. Support C. Advantage M. Support Use of Data Statistical Methods Use of data Statistical Methods 34
CHECKING AND TESTING 35
CHECKING AND TESTING 36
INTRODUCTION Total number of companies at Spain and Catalonia SPAIN 3,291,263 Industries 230,301 Construction 510,243 Catalonia concentrates the 19% of total number of companies in Spain Services 2,550,719 Given this, the size of the CATALONIA 619,678 population for this research Industries is 619,780 companies 44776 Construction 97019 The percentage of companies in services is equal to 77% for both, Spain and Catalonia Services 477883 37
IS OUR QUESTIONNAIRE VALID AND RELIABLE? HIGHLIGHTS Reliability is related to the precision and stability of the questionnaire Validity is related with the Questionnaires capacity to measure all the variables and issues for which it was created The Conbrachs Alpha is calculated and interpreted to measure reliability In order to guarantee the validity, an operational definition of variables is used Cronbach (1951), Hern叩ndez (2006) Condesa, (2000) & Castro, P.L. (1989). 38
HOW CRONBACHS ALPHA IS CALCULATED? 39 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
HOW CRONBACHS ALPHA IS CALCULATED? CONBRACHS ALPHA Data Exploitation 1. Reliability for DATA EXPLOITATION section is VERY HIGH . 2. Additionally all the correlations between ITEMS have positive values 40
IS OUR QUESTIONNAIRE VALID AND RELIABLE? CONBRACHS ALPHA 1. The mathematic definition of Cronbach s alpha is: 2. This is how Cronbachs Alpha is interpreted: 3. Additionally one Cronbachs Alpha was calculated for each variable that is intended to measure 41

More Related Content

Enbis presentation(2)

  • 1. Research Project Methodology for scaling Applied Statistics as Competitive Advantage Igor BARAHONA TORRES. And Alex RIBA CIVIL 06 /09/2011 1
  • 2. IN THIS PRESENTATION. INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE ART RESEARCH OBJECTIVES THE DRAFT OF A SCALE THE METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS 2
  • 3. IN THIS PRESENTATION. INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE ART RESEARCH OBJECTIVES THE DRAFT OF A SCALE THE METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS 3
  • 4. INTRODUCTION At first, some basic information about Catalonia is provided Catalonia is located in the north East of Spain It is composed for 4 regions Population 47,150,819 Catalonia represents around 16% of the total population of Spain 441,858 756,293 810,564 5,526,536 7,535,251 Around 73% of Catalonia's population live in Barcelona Lleida Girona Tarragona Barcelona Catalu単a Espa単a IDESCAT & lNE (2011) 4
  • 5. INTRODUCTION BETTER INFORMATION SYSTEMS. (MRP, CRM, ERP, etc) WHAT IS THE MORE COMPLEXITY AND UNCERTAINTY BUSINESS MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT INTERNET IS AVAILABLE FOR MOST LIKE TODAY? OF THE COMPANIES MORE POWERFUL COMPUTERS BIGGER AMOUNT OF DATA AVAILABLE FOR ANALYSIS Burby & Atchison (2007), Petroni & Braglia. (2000) & Roberts (1990) 5
  • 6. INTRODUCTION THE POINT IS.......... IF COMPANIES HAVE MORE DATA AND BETTER INFORMATION SYSTEMS HOW CAN HIGHER PROFITS BE OBTAINED? 6
  • 7. STATE OF THE ART INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE ART RESEARCH OBJECTIVES THE DRAFT OF A SCALE THE METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS 7
  • 8. WHAT IS APPLIED STATISTICS IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT? APPLIED STATISTICS IN BUSINESS. WHAT IT IS? One approach is to understand it as a process with INPUTS and OUTPUTS. Extensive use of data and INPUTS statistical methods To understand the past performance OUTPUTS To reduce uncertainty To forecast the future and to predict behaviors. Better decision making ADDED VALUE Evidence-based decision making 8
  • 9. . THERE ARE 4 KEY ELEMENTS TO SUCCESS Emergence Hierarchy 1 Systematic Thinking Communication Jackson (1992) & Yeo (1993) Control. To remove obstacles To provide the 2 Management technical human and support financial resources McDonough (2000), Banks (1993) & To encourage the staff Deming (2000) to be involved in the project 9
  • 10. THERE ARE 4 KEY ELEMENTS TO SUCCESS Cost Leadership. 3 Niche strategies Competitive advantage Differentiation Porter (1998) Privileged location Integration from multiple sources Efficiency in Data structure 4 Data exploitation Accessibility to data Davenport. & Harris (2007). Evantage Consulting & Security and privacy Janis, A. (2008) 10
  • 11. HOW DO THESE KEY FACTORS INTERACT? DATA COMPETITIVE EXPLOITATION ADVANTAGE ASBM MANAGEMENT SYSTEMATIC SUPPORT THINKING 11
  • 12. WHICH AREAS USE MORE APPLIED STATISTICS? INSIDE THE COMPANY 12
  • 13. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE ART RESEARCH OBJECTIVES THE DRAFT OF A SCALE THE METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS 13
  • 14. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1. To create a quantitative scale for ranking a sample of Catalonian Companies according to their 1) Data exploitation with statistical tools, 2) Competitive advantage, 3) Management support and 4) Systematic thinking 2. To apply the created scale on a previously defined sample of Catalonian Companies, in order to know their capacity for applying statistics to decision making 3. To find out associations between each analysed variable. The impact of data exploitation, Competitive advantage, Management support and Systematic thinking on decision making 4. To validate the methodology to upgrade companies on the proposed scale and to make applied statistics a competitive advantage 14
  • 15. THE DRAFT OF ONE SCALE INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE ART RESEARCH OBJECTIVES THE DRAFT OF ONE SCALE THE METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS 15
  • 16. SOME BASIC IDEAS OF ONE POSSIBLE SCALE HIGHLIGHTS 1. The proposed scale has 5 possible levels 2. At level 1 we find companies that do not use any statistical methods 3. At level 5 we find companies that use applied statistics as a strategic support for their competitive advantage. 4. At levels 2, 3 and 4 we find companies that are improving their use of statistical methods 5. A survey, in depth interviews and on site study cases will be used to validate the scale 16
  • 17. SOME BASIC IDEAS OF ONE POSSIBLE SCALE NAME DESCRIPTION TARGET STATISTICAL Decision making process is based To pick up reliable and valid IGNORANCE. mainly on past experience and data 1 subjective evidence LOCAL AND Statistics support only specific To increase and improve INDIVIDUAL activities in the company. Those interactions between local EFFORTS efforts are usually isolated with applications 2 local impact. STATISTICAL The first level of using statistics as To develop use of 4 key ASPIRATIONS Competitive Advantage. drivers to improve business 3 Leadership, Systematic Thinking results and Data Quality are introduced. STATISTICAL All decisions in the company are To make sure that statistics is 4 ENGINEERING made through Statistical analysis used at Strategic, Tactical and Operative levels. STATISTICS AS Mastering the use of statistics,. It To obtain the leadership in 5 COMPETITIVE provides important support to the market. ADVANTAGE develop a successful competitive advantage
  • 18. THE METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE ART RESEARCH OBJECTIVES THE DRAFT OF ONE SCALE THE QUESTIONNAIRE THE METHODOLOGY IN DEPTH INTERVIEWS ON SITE CASE STUDIES CONCLUSIONS 18
  • 19. THE METHODOLOGY THE METHODOLOGY THE QUESTIONNAIRE IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS ON-SITE CASES STUDIES 19
  • 20. THE QUESTIONNAIRE THE METHODOLOGY THE QUESTIONNAIRE IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS ON-SITE CASES STUDIES 20
  • 21. THE QUESTIONNAIRE This is the questionnaire s structure There are 7 sections and 48 ITEMS in the questionnaire, as it is shown in the following table: number of section ITEMS General information about the company 4 Competitive Advantage 3 Data exploitation and usage 5 Management support 5 Systemacic Thinking 5 Statistical Methods inventory 19 Company卒s departments 11 Total 48 https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/surveyEAGE_english 21
  • 22. WHO IS IT BEING SENT TO? Number of Response Target Group size responses rate 1,264 6 0.05% Investigar en Espa単a 425 6 1.4% Estad鱈stica para todos 237 5 2.1% Investigaci坦n y Estad鱈stica 250 27 11% 1,003 38 3.8% 1003 questionnaires were sent in the last 2 month 82 questionnaires were received by August 31 Questionnaires still need to be sent to 5208 companies 22
  • 23. IS OUR QUESTIONNAIRE VALID AND RELIABLE? CONBRACHS ALPHA This is how Cronbachs Alpha is interpreted: Cronbach (1951), Hern叩ndez (2006) Condesa, (2000) & Castro, P.L. (1989) 23
  • 24. IS OUR INSTRUMENT VALID AND RELIABLE? Here we have Cronbach s values for each section 0.6062 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 0.8857 DATA EXPLOITATION 0.8806 MANAGEMENT SUPPORT 0.7420 SYSTEMATIC THINKING 0.9544 TECHNICAL STATISTICS INVENTORY The calculations of Cronbachs values allowed us to guarantee that our questionnaire is reliable. 24
  • 25. IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS THE METHODOLOGY THE QUESTIONNAIRE IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS ON-SITE CASES STUDIES 25
  • 26. IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS To validate or refute the findings of the questionnaire To include in the research, issues that are neither evident in the WHY DO WE literature nor the questionnaire. DO DEPTH INTERVIEWS? To find aspects of Applied Statistics which are undetectable with the questionnaire To find perception from Business s owners, Managers and Academics The concepts developed by French , Maule y & Papamichail (2009) will be used for designing and preparing the interview The Multicriteria Decisions Analysis used by Nutt, King y Lawrence (2010) is also taken as reference for carrying out the interviews 26
  • 27. IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS In the following table shows how interviews are classified according to the type of stakeholder The total number of interviews is not definitive and it will be altered according the homogeneity of the responses obtained 27
  • 28. ON-SITE CASES STUDIES THE METHODOLOGY THE QUESTIONNAIRE IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS ON-SITE CASES STUDIES 28
  • 29. ON-SITE CASES STUDIES The survey and interviews will be the input for the methodology that can be implemented in three study cases. To validate or refute the findings obtained with questionnaires and interviews To implement the key drivers for the WHY DO WE increase in the use of applied statistics DO ON-SITE CASES To replicate and to reproduce the key STUDIES? elements identified To build a practical and helpful methodology accessible to any Consultant, Practitioner or Academic 29
  • 30. ON-SITE CASES STUDIES FLOW CHART This is the flow chart that will be used for carrying out the on-site cases studies To maintain and to improve Level 5 To keep records Actions to To replicate upgrade To standardize from L4 to Management INITIAL Level 4 L5 support ASSESSMENT Systematic Actions to Thinking upgrade YES from L3 to Data One level at exploitation FINAL Is it Level 3 L4 ASSESSMENT improved? the scale and usage Actions to Competitive upgrade advantage NO from L2 to L3 Statistical Level 2 Methods Actions to inventory To review upgrade To identify from L1 to To point out Level 1 L2 30
  • 31. THE CONCLUSIONS INTRODUCTION STATE OF THE ART RESEARCH OBJECTIVES THE DRAFT OF ONE SCALE THE METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS 31
  • 32. FIRST ROUND CONCLUSIONS THERE IS EVIDENCE TO DEMONSTRATE THE RISING OF THE USE OF APPLIED STATISTICS IN BUSINESS IN THE LAST 20 YEARS THIS REPRESENTS A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY FOR COMPANIES WE ARE WORKING WITH A QUESTIONNAIRE THAT IS VALID AND RELIABLE THIS METHODOLOGY WILL BE A UNIQUE TOOL FOR THE INCREASE IN THE USE OF APPLIED STATISTICS IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 32
  • 34. CHECKING AND TESTING RADAR CHART S. Thinking S. Thinking C. Advantage M. Support C. Advantage M. Support Use of Data Statistical Methods Use of data Statistical Methods 34
  • 37. INTRODUCTION Total number of companies at Spain and Catalonia SPAIN 3,291,263 Industries 230,301 Construction 510,243 Catalonia concentrates the 19% of total number of companies in Spain Services 2,550,719 Given this, the size of the CATALONIA 619,678 population for this research Industries is 619,780 companies 44776 Construction 97019 The percentage of companies in services is equal to 77% for both, Spain and Catalonia Services 477883 37
  • 38. IS OUR QUESTIONNAIRE VALID AND RELIABLE? HIGHLIGHTS Reliability is related to the precision and stability of the questionnaire Validity is related with the Questionnaires capacity to measure all the variables and issues for which it was created The Conbrachs Alpha is calculated and interpreted to measure reliability In order to guarantee the validity, an operational definition of variables is used Cronbach (1951), Hern叩ndez (2006) Condesa, (2000) & Castro, P.L. (1989). 38
  • 39. HOW CRONBACHS ALPHA IS CALCULATED? 39 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
  • 40. HOW CRONBACHS ALPHA IS CALCULATED? CONBRACHS ALPHA Data Exploitation 1. Reliability for DATA EXPLOITATION section is VERY HIGH . 2. Additionally all the correlations between ITEMS have positive values 40
  • 41. IS OUR QUESTIONNAIRE VALID AND RELIABLE? CONBRACHS ALPHA 1. The mathematic definition of Cronbach s alpha is: 2. This is how Cronbachs Alpha is interpreted: 3. Additionally one Cronbachs Alpha was calculated for each variable that is intended to measure 41