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oligopoly perfect competitive market monopoly managerial economics research methodology steps in demand forecasting qualities of good demand forecasting financial leverage combined leverage operating leverage modigliani – miller model traditional approach net income approach net operating approach capital structure opportunity cost contribution incremental principle time value of money risk and uncertainty principle of the time perspective decision making types of demand. demand definition. determinants o demand function marginal revenue the law of demand revenue concepts internal rate of return  profitability index net present value  discounted payback period payback period  accounting rate of return cost of debt cost of equity wacc cost of capital basic economic problem role and responsibilities scope law of diminishing returns production function diminishing returns to scale law of increasing marginal returns law of variable proportions return to scale law of constant marginal returns increasing return to scale constant return to scale diseconomies of scale of production methods of demand forecasting dumping price discrimination descriptive and diagnostic research dependent and independent variables research design sampling designs hypothesis exploratory research design extraneous variables data collection primary data secondary data interview questionnaire schedule data types scaling techniques likert scale isoquant isoproduct isocuant curve isocost isoproduct schudele marginal rate of technical substitution objectives of demand forecasting price elasticity of demand degrees of elasticity measurement of price elasticity factors determining elasticity of demand importance of elasticity of demand duopoly product differentiation equilibrium price and output monopolistic competition super normal profit time element equilibrium between demand & supply price price determination kinked demand curve cartel price leadership long run equilibrium equilibrium & price determination demand under monopoly short run equilibrium condition of price discrimination degree of price discrimination when price discrimination is possible